Oreo Cookie and Six Flags Commercials - Nostalgia for Sale :: Media Advertising Essays

Oreo Cookie and Six Flags Commercials - Nostalgia for SaleMany television commercials choose to feature a contrast between youth and maturity as their subject. An Oreo Cookie commercial, for example, features a little girl who is about four years old mimicking her granddads actions in eating a biscuit. Another commercial advertises the popular theme park, Six Flags Great Adventure. This commercial, entitled The Six Flags Dancing Man, features an elderly populace dancing like an enthusiastic child. This relates to Stephen Kings idea in My Creature from the Black Lagoon, that adults long for and are often reminded of their childhood. Meanwhile, Rita Doves essay, unaccented Ends, and Marie Winns essay, Television Addiction, each presents the great influence television has on life, often because of televisions great aspect of reality. Together, these ideas support the reasoning scum bag an advertisements attempt to sell abstract ideas. By using youth and old age in commercials, advertisers can sell nostalgia as a way of making commercials more memorable. Nabisco, the company that produces Oreo Cookies, has always been known for outstanding commercials. Yet this Oreo Cookie commercial is perhaps the most remarkable. First, she twists the cookie apart and then, this cute little girl with her hair in pigtails proceeds to dunk the cookie in a tall glass of milk, submerging her faultless hand. The camera then shifts to show the childs grandfather eating the cookie in the same humanner. This advertisement aims at leading audiences to reminisce of the simple pleasures of their childhood, like enjoying a cookie. While doing so, the advertisers have created a memorable commercial. Also, in The Six Flags Dancing Man commercial, family members are sitting on the front porch of their home, nerve-racking to arrange a day to spend at Six Flags Great Adventure. Because of their busy schedules, the attempt seems impossible. Suddenly, a red scho ol bus pulls up and a very old man hobbles off, dressed in a black tuxedo and a red bow tie. Then, upbeat music begins to play and the man begins dancing wildly, inviting the family aboard the bus to go to Six Flags Great Adventure. The family happily joins the old man and the bus pulls away.

Comparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet Essa

Comparison of Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs Versions of Hamlet Modern day directors use a variety of methods to save ones interest. Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branaghs created fluctuations of Hamlet that shared some similarities, but ultimately had many differences in respects to an inter realises appeal. An large-hearted movie is one that has an beguiling ambiance and an intellectual stimulus. With these two movie versions, a place and a mood forced an audience to acquire specific emotions, but Ethan Hawkes version generated emotions more strongly and potently. Also, these movies had extremely different uses of music and visuals, but both movie versions incorporated them well for the ambiance it tried to obtain. Finally, both movie versions force characters to captivate the audience however in Ethan Hawkes version, the characters were used so effectively that it was easy to feel involved with them. While both these versions of Hamlet had a captivating ambiance, Ethan Hawkes v ersion was more appealing due to the intellectual incentive that it offered.Setting and mood are methods of direction that can change a dissipates ambiance and bring on an adundance of intelligent thoughts. Hawke and Branagh both reproduced Hamlet with a setting and mood that were both appealing for an audience. For instance, Hawke created a photograph much unlike Shakespeares play with a modern day setting. At the start of the film, the mood was set using modern visuals and melodies. Then a soliloquy of Hamlet was seen stating his troubling inner emotions. These scenes created a mood of youth and despair which eventually would become very effective in the plot of the film and the development of Hamlets character. Branaghs version created a setting and a mood similar to Shakespeares original play. The beginning of the play undefended with two guards waiting for the appearance of a ghost. Traditional music and dark visuals like a statue of Hamlets father created a mood of fantasm and anxiety. This gave the film suspense which was much needed for the story. Clearly, both directors used the setting and the mood to play with particular emotions of the audience. However, Hawke was more creative in his methods and he created a non-traditional setting and mood that related more to a modern day audience. For example, Hawke focused on the mood by choosing camera shots during Hamlets soliloquy that... ...ter development was sophisticated and artisitic. In this version, the audience was absorbed with Hamlets character. This introduced a variety of thought and reflection making the film more appealing to a widespread audience. Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branagh recreated Shakespeares Hamlet with an alluring ambiance, however Ethan Hawkes version was more appealing to an audience due to the stimulation of intelligent reflection. The setting and the mood in each of these versions played with the audiences emotions, but Ethan Hawkes version brought on stronger ones. S econdly, Ethan Hawke and Kenneth Branagh used different choices of music and visuals that were equally effective in creating the ambiance the directors wished to obtain. As well, both movie versions created characters that tried to influence an audience but, Ethan Hawkes version introduced its main character so effectively that an audience was captivated by him. These two movie versions had some similarities, but Ethan Hawkes different style produced a more appealing film. In the end, it was interesting to view the ways in which a director can try to make an old story more appealing to a modern day audience.

Arcimboldos Water :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

Arcimboldos WaterThe picture is of a head made up of many different sea features with aplain obscure background. It would be nearly impossible to name all theaquatic animals that make up this head. It ancestrys as though there is achest plate at the top of the body which is made of a crab and thereare also shoulder plates which are made up by using a turtle and alarge mussel, an octopus has also attached itself to the shoulderplates. Hanging around the neck there is a necklace made of pearls.The cheek is a ray of some sort, the ear is a mussel with a pearl asan earring. There is some sort of crab in place as the eyebrows andthe gumshield seams to be a dogfish with its jaws open revealing all itsteeth. The figure seams to be wearing a crown which is made up ofwhales, seals, sea horses and coral. The stab is also made up by afish. There is an array of different colours used but only the coraland a lobster seam to be bright and really stand out.Arcimboldo has arranged this piece so that when you look at thepicture you are not struck by several(prenominal) features but the picture as awhole and I found that happened with me. Arcimboldo has used oil onlimestone to create this picture and it seams as though he has builtthe picture up from the background and added layers as he painted. Theideas used are obviously derived from the sea and sea creatures andare created to fillher in a harmonious way and it shows a sign of peacewith so many different creatures layed together in harmony.I think it was made to show that stack can live together peacefullyjust as the animals are in the picture. It shows that fighting andarguing can be discarded and that everyone can get along no matterwhat or who they are within the picture many of the animals would beeach others enemy and prey.I like this picture because Arcimboldo has combine so manydifferent species into the image but it is still very clearly a faceand shoulders. Also the message of peace is clearly illustrated and is

The Hippie Culture Essays -- American History cultural Hippies Essays

Many generations have come and gone, and many have make an impact on American life. The Sixties were definitely one of those generations that left its mark in history. The people of this generation didnt follow the teachings of their elders, but rejected them for an alternate(a) culture, which was their very take in (Harris 14). This clean subculture was such a radical society that it was given its own name which is still used to this day. They came to be known as the flower people.The Hippie movement originated in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book), but the Hippie movement had its greatest ferment in America. During the 1960s a radical subculture labeled as Hippies stunned America with their alternative life style and radical beliefs. All Hippies were new-made, from the ages of 15 to 25(Worldbook). The young hippies split from their families for various reasons. Some rejected the idealistic view s of their parents, some just wanted to free themselves from societys current norms, and others were simply outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people would say that these youngsters were spoiled and throwing their lives away, but to the Hippies this was the way of life and no one was going to tell them disparate. Hippies came from all over with various backgrounds to congregate in San Francisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got its first glance of this peculiar sub group. This corner which lies in the very center of San Francisco came to be known as the Haight Ashbury regularise.There was a tour bus that ran through the Haight- Ashbury District area in San Francisco called the Gray Line. The tours promotional brochure contained the statement The only foreign tour within the continental limits of the United States (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the significant people in the city didn?t like the idea of a large hippie community growing in their city. In the days of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district (Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their psychedelic theme through out the whole area. In the Haight Ashbury district there were two place where the hippies would hang out, Golden Gate Park and Buena Vista Par... ...and failed after a few years. Hippies still fought for racial equality. Finally when the 1960s were over new laws were put into action helping racial equality which would not have happened without the Hippies. During the 1960s a radical group called the hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. No movement in our history defines a culture change more accurately than the hippie movement in the 60?s. They had their own laws, music, clothes, and writings. The view of what a society should be was common among all hippies. Their ideas were big all th roughout the late 60?s and early 70?s. The effect of the hippie movement are still felt to this day, and to this day there is still large hippie population in America .Works SitedCavan, Sherry. Hippies of the Haight. St.Louis New Critics Press, Inc., 1972. Harris, Nathaniel. The Sixties. London Macdonald Education Ltd., 1975.Hippies WorldBook Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Stern, Jane and Michael. Sixties People. New York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990. This Fabulous Century. New York Time-Life Books, 1970. Clark, M. LSD and the Drugs of the Mind. Time 9 May 2011.

Socrates Essays -- essays research papers

SOCRATES Socrates was a Grecian philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and virtue and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates worn out(p) much cartridge clip in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversations with townspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be pitch out through thought and collaboration with others. He was know for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. Despite having mevery followers, Socrates was disliked by most(prenominal) Athenians. At the age of 70, he was convicted of atheism, cheating and corruption of the young. He was origin everyy ordered to leave Athens, entirely chose to drink poison instead. This great man valued the law over his life, and so he chose to drank hemlock over leaving. Socrates is best remembered for his courage and strong virtuous beliefs which manifested themselves in his lifestyle. Although Socrates did not dwell much on the heavenly bodies, his beliefs that searching could bring rough understanding of the world and humans in it laid a foundation that is still very much a part of modern science. In the programme of Western Civilization, there have been two trials ending in a sentence of death imposed upon two individuals later deemed grossly unfair and unsportsmanlike by the verdict of history. One trial was that of Jesus Christ, the other that of Socrates it was Jesus destiny, and It was Socrates choice. twain philosophers and theologians, carry a political message, a message apt to rub the vox populi power structures nose in its own mess. Christ define and built a new moral order. All Socrates ever accomplished was questioning and look into the democratic beliefs of his day. He refused to define proper behavior and what should be done by government. Socrates did not build anything or write nothing instead he strove to destroy the legitimacy of free men ruling themselves, Both Christ and Socrates were killed at the orders of lesser men for what they said. The story of Jesus Christ and the world in which he lived are well known. Now let us look at Socrates, the worlds first "intellectual" and the stage he acted upon. Socrates was the town character. While a member of the middle class, he was on good name with Pericles, the ruling aristocrat voted the first strategos (general) for over 30 years. Socrates, the perfect snob, surrounded himself with the gilded blue-blooded yo... ...ted money. Then when the stink cleared, he gave up his notions of becoming a playwright and instead wrote up numerous books about his leading man, Socrates. He formed an academy, wherein his most gifted student, Aristotle, studied. Of course, Aristotle formed his own conclusions, most of which differed from Platos.No philosopher kings for Aristotle Aristotles royal student was Alexander the Great. "Cursed be all those who rejoice to see the city in the pass on of a single man or under the duo of a few men The name of a freeman is the most precious of titles to throw it is to have much, even when one has little." Yes, cursed be Socrates, Plato, and all the "intellectual" petty Hitlers, Stalins, FDRs and other big-government butt kissers since. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Xenophon and Plato) for any enlarge knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results Socrates Essays -- essays research papers SOCRATES Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and virtue and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates spent much time in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversatio ns with townspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be found out through thought and collaboration with others. He was known for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. Despite having many followers, Socrates was disliked by most Athenians. At the age of 70, he was convicted of atheism, treason and corruption of the young. He was originally ordered to leave Athens, but chose to drink poison instead. This great man valued the law over his life, and so he chose to drank hemlock over leaving. Socrates is best remembered for his courage and strong moral beliefs which manifested themselves in his lifestyle. Although Socrates did not dwell much on the heavenly bodies, his beliefs that searching could bring about understanding of the world and humans in it laid a foundation that is still very much a part of modern science. In the course of Western Civilization, there have been two trials ending in a sentence of death imposed upon two individuals later deemed grossly unfair and unjust by the verdict of history. One trial was that of Jesus Christ, the other that of Socrates it was Jesus destiny, and It was Socrates choice. Both philosophers and theologians, carry a political message, a message apt to rub the ruling power structures nose in its own mess. Christ defined and built a new moral order. All Socrates ever accomplished was questioning and probing the democratic beliefs of his day. He refused to define proper behavior and what should be done by government. Socrates did not build anything or write nothing instead he strove to destroy the legitimacy of free men ruling themselves, Both Christ and Socrates were killed at the orders of lesser men for what they said. The story of Jesus Christ and the world in which he lived are well known. Now let us look at Socrates, the worlds first "intellectual" and the stage he acted upon. Socrates was the town character. While a member of the middle class, he was on good terms with Pericles, the ruling arist ocrat voted the first strategos (general) for over 30 years. Socrates, the perfect snob, surrounded himself with the gilded aristocratic yo... ...ted money. Then when the stink cleared, he gave up his notions of becoming a playwright and instead wrote up numerous books about his leading man, Socrates. He formed an academy, wherein his most gifted student, Aristotle, studied. Of course, Aristotle formed his own conclusions, most of which differed from Platos.No philosopher kings for Aristotle Aristotles royal pupil was Alexander the Great. "Cursed be all those who rejoice to see the city in the hands of a single man or under the yoke of a few men The name of a freeman is the most precious of titles to possess it is to have much, even when one has little." Yes, cursed be Socrates, Plato, and all the "intellectual" petty Hitlers, Stalins, FDRs and other big-government butt kissers since. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and p ublic teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Xenophon and Plato) for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results

Socrates Essays -- essays research papers

SOCRATES Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and faithfulness and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates spent much time in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversations with t acceptspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be found out through purpose and collaboration with differents. He was known for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. Despite having existencey followers, Socrates was disliked by most Athenians. At the age of 70, he was convicted of atheism, treason and corruption of the young. He was primitively ordered to leave Athens, but chose to drink poison instead. This non bad(p) man valued the law over his life, and so he chose to drank hemlock over leaving. Socrates is take up remembered for his courage and strong moral beliefs which manifested themselves in his lifestyle. Although Socrates did not d soundly much on the heavenly bodies, his beliefs t hat searching could bring about understanding of the world and humanity in it laid a foundation that is still in truth much a part of modern science. In the course of Western Civilization, there ingest been two trials ending in a sentence of expiry imposed upon two individuals later deemed grossly unfair and unjust by the verdict of history. star trial was that of Jesus Christ, the other that of Socrates it was Jesus destiny, and It was Socrates choice. Both philosophers and theologians, carry a political message, a message apt to rub the ruling power structures nose in its own mess. Christ pay backd and built a parvenu moral order. All Socrates ever accomplished was questioning and probing the democratic beliefs of his day. He refused to define proper behavior and what should be d unmatched by govern manpowert. Socrates did not build anything or write nothing instead he strove to destroy the legitimacy of abandon men ruling themselves, Both Christ and Socrates were killed at the orders of lesser men for what they said. The story of Jesus Christ and the world in which he lived are well known. Now let us look at Socrates, the worlds showtimely "intellectual" and the stage he acted upon. Socrates was the town character. While a member of the middle class, he was on good terms with Pericles, the ruling aristocrat voted the first strategos (general) for over 30 years. Socrates, the perfect snob, surrounded himself with the gilded aristocratic yo... ...ted money. Then when the stink cleared, he gave up his notions of becoming a playwright and instead wrote up numerous books about his leading man, Socrates. He formed an academy, wherein his most gifted student, Aristotle, studied. Of course, Aristotle formed his own conclusions, most of which differed from Platos.No philosopher kings for Aristotle Aristotles royal pupil was Alexander the Great. "Cursed be all those who rejoice to see the city in the hands of a single man or under the yoke of a few men The name of a freeman is the most precious of titles to possess it is to have much, even when one has little." Yes, cursed be Socrates, Plato, and all the "intellectual" petty Hitlers, Stalins, FDRs and other big-government butt kissers since. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Xenophon and Plato) for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results Socrates Essays -- essays research written document SOCRATES Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and virtue and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates spent much time in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversations with townspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be found out through thought and collaboration with others. He was known for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. Despite having many followers, Socrates was disliked by most Athenians. At the age of 70, he was convicted of atheism, treason and corruption of the young. He was originally ordered to leave Athens, but chose to drink poison instead. This great man valued the law over his life, and so he chose to drank hemlock over leaving. Socrates is best remembered for his courage and strong moral beliefs which manifested themselves in his lifestyle. Although Socrates did not reside much on the heavenly bodies, his beliefs that searching could bring about understanding of the world and humans in it laid a foundation that is still very much a part of modern science. In the course of Western Civilization, there have been two trials ending in a sentence of death imposed upon two individuals later deemed grossly unfair and unjust by the verdict of history. One trial was that of Jesus Christ, the other that of Socrates it was Jesus destiny, and It was Socrates choice. Both philosophers and theologians, carry a political message, a message apt to rub the ruling power structures nose in its own mess. Christ defined and built a new moral order. All Socrates ever accomplished was questioning and probing the democratic beliefs of his day. He refused to define proper behavior and what should be done by government. Socrates did not build anything or write nothing instead he strove to destroy the legitimacy of free men ruling themselves, Both Christ and Socrates were killed at the orders of lesser men for what they said. The story of Jesus Christ and the world in which he lived are well known. Now let us look at Socrates, the worlds first "intellectual" and the stage he acted upon. Socrates was the town character. While a member of the middle class, he was on good terms with Pericles , the ruling aristocrat voted the first strategos (general) for over 30 years. Socrates, the perfect snob, surrounded himself with the gilded aristocratic yo... ...ted money. Then when the stink cleared, he gave up his notions of becoming a playwright and instead wrote up numerous books about his leading man, Socrates. He formed an academy, wherein his most gifted student, Aristotle, studied. Of course, Aristotle formed his own conclusions, most of which differed from Platos.No philosopher kings for Aristotle Aristotles royal pupil was Alexander the Great. "Cursed be all those who rejoice to see the city in the hands of a single man or under the yoke of a few men The name of a freeman is the most precious of titles to possess it is to have much, even when one has little." Yes, cursed be Socrates, Plato, and all the "intellectual" petty Hitlers, Stalins, FDRs and other big-government butt kissers since. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversat ional skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Xenophon and Plato) for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results

Applying Models of Health Promotion to Improve Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Campaign in Reducing Obesity in Socioeconomically Deprived Areas

AbstractThis essay aims to determine how divergent models of wellness onward motion piece of ass be accustom to improve effectiveness of pharmacist-led campaign in reducing corpulency in socioeconomically deprived argonas. The wellness belief, repositions of stage and ecological approaches models are some models discussed in this brief. These models are suggested to be effective in underpinning pharmacist-led campaigns for fleshiness in the community. This essay alike discusses the impact of obesity on individuals and the community and its prevalence in socio-economically deprived groups. Challenges associated with uptake of wellnessy behaviour are discussed along with possible treatments for obesity. It is suggested that a multi-faceted, community based intervention will likely lead to a successful campaign against obesity.IntroductionBlenkinsopp et al. (2000) explain that health advancement is aimed at maintaining and enhancing good health in order to prevent ill he alth. wellness promotion encompasses different issues and activities that influence the health outcomes of individuals and society. health promotion involves the creation and implementation of health and kindly care policies that are deemed to prevent diseases and promote the physical, social and mental health of the people. Blenkinsopp et al. (2000) observe that pharmacists are perceived to ache crucial roles as health promoters in the community. Since health promotion incorporates a range of accomplishments that are aimed in promoting health, it is essential to understand the role of pharmacists in promoting health. In this essay, a focus is made on health promotion for individuals suffering from obesity in socioeconomically deprived areas. A discussion on the different models of health promotion will also be done. The first part of this brief discusses models of health promotion while the second part critically analyses how these models elicit be used to underpin pharmacist- led campaigns in reducing obesity. The last part of this essay will summarise the key points raised in this essay.Models of wellness progressBlenkinsopp et al. (2003) argue that, in the past, perspectives of pharmacists on ill-health takes the biomedical model approach to health. This model considers ill health as a biomedical problem (Goodson, 2009) and hence, technologies and medicines are used to cure the disease. Pharmacists are regarded as experts in terms of their knowledge on a health condition and its cure. Hence, when the biomedical model is used, pharmacists response to a health-related interrogation likely takes the disease-oriented approach to medical treatment and referral. This approach limits the care and interventions for the patient roles. Bond (2000) observes that while not necessarily in suppress for pharmacy practice, the biomedical approach results to medicalisation of health.This way that health and illness are both determined biologically. It should be not ed that the primary function of pharmacists is to dispense medications. Hence, when making health-related advice to patients, this often involves information on medications appropriate to the health conditions of the patient. However, the role of pharmacists in providing medicines has expanded to include advice on the therapeutic uses of medications and information on how to maintain optimal health (Levin et al., 2008). Taylor et al. (2004) also reiterates that pharmacists are ancestor to promote health through patient education that supports confirming behaviour and actions related to health.This new approach is consistent with health models for individuals such as health belief model and stages of change. The health belief model t each(prenominal)es that individuals have to acknowledge the perceived threat and severity of the disease and how positive health behaviour can give them benefits (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The benefits of the new behaviour should outweigh perceived barr iers to the physical activity behaviours (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). This model requires that individuals have cues to action to help them adapt a new behaviour and gain self-efficacy. The latter is important since individuals suffering from chronic conditions need to develop self-efficacy to help them manage their condition and prevent complications (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is well established that obesity, as a chronic condition, is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, orthopaedic abnormalities and some form of cancer ( plane section of Health, 2009). When individuals receive sufficient patient education on obesity and the risks associated with this condition, it is believed that they will take actions to manage the condition.While the health belief model has gained success in helping individuals take positive actions regarding their health, Naidoo and Wills (2009) emphasises that patient education alone or informing them on t he severity and their susceptibility of the disease may not be sufficient in ever-changing or sustaining behaviour. Although individuals are informed on the benefits of the health behaviour, there is still a need to consider how environmental factors help shape health behaviour. It should be considered that obesity is a multifactorial problem and environmental factors play crucial roles in its development. existence Health England (2014) notes that in the last 25 years, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. This rapid increase in overweight and obesity prevalence shows that in 2010, only 30.9% of the men in the UK have basal metabolic exponent (BMI) within the healthy range (Public Health England, 2014). In contrast, the proportion of men with healthy BMI in 1993 was 41.0%. Amongst women, proportion of women with healthy BMI in 1993 was 49.5% but this dropped to 40.5% in 2010. It has been shown that some a third or 26.1% of UKs population is obese. If current trends are not addressed, it is projected that by 2050, 60% of adults will be obese (Public Health England, 2014). The effects of obesity are well established not only on the health of individuals but also on the cost of care and anxiety of complications arising from this condition (Public Health England).Managing obesity at the individual level is infallible to help individuals adopt a healthier lifestyle. It has been shown that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (Department of Health, 2011) and engagement in structured physical activities (De Silva-Sanigorski, 2011) improve health outcomes of obese or overweight individuals. The stages of change model (Goodson, 2009) could be used to promote health amongst this group. This model states that adoption of healthy behaviours such as engagement in regular physical activity or consumption of healthier food requires eliminating blistery ones. The readiness of an individual is crucial on whether people will progress through the five levels of s tage of change model. These levels include pre-contemplation, contemplation followed by preparation, action and maintenance (Goodson, 2009). Different strategies are suggested for each level to assist an individual progress to the succeeding stage.It has been shown that prevalence of obesity is highest amongst those living in deprived areas in the UK and those with low socio-economic status (Department of Health, 2010, 2009). Families with ethnic minority origins are also at increased risk of obesity compared to the general white population in the republic (Department of Health, 2010, 2009). This presents a challenge for healthcare practitioners since individuals living in poverty belong to the vulnerable groups (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is suggested that development of obesity amongst this group could be related to their diet. Energy-dense food is cheaper compared to the recommended fruits and vegetables. In recent years, the Department of Health (2011) has promoted consumptio n of 5 different types of fruits and vegetables each day. However, the cost of maintaining this type of diet is high when compared to buying energy-dense food. The problem of obesity also has the greatest impact on children from low-income families. Research by Jones et al. (2010) has shown a strong link between exposures to commercials of junk foods with poor feeding habits. It is noteworthy that many children in low-income families are exposed to long hours of television compared to children born to more affluent families (Adams et al., 2012).The multi-factorial nature of obesity suggests that management of this condition should also take a holistic approach and should not only be limited to health promotion models designed to promote individual health. Hence, identifying different models appropriate for communities would also be necessary to address obesity amongst socio-economically deprived families. One of models that also address factors present in the community or environme nt of the individual is the ecological approaches model (Goodson, 2009). Family, puddleplace, community, economics, beliefs and traditions and the social and physical environments all influence the health of an individual (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The levels of influence in the ecological approaches model are expound as intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy. Addressing obesity amongst socio-economically deprived individuals through the ecological approaches model will ensure that each level of influence is recognised and addressed.Pharmacist-led Campaigns in Reducing ObesityThe health belief, stages of change and the ecological approaches models can all be used to underpin pharmacist-led campaigns in reducing obesity for communities that are socio-economically deprived. Blenkinsopp et al. (2003) state that community pharmacists have a gelid role in articulating the needs of individuals with specific health conditions in their communities. Pharma cists can lobby at local and national levels and act as supporters of local groups who work for health improvement. However, the work of the pharmacists can also be influenced by their own beliefs, perceptions and practices. Blenkinsopp et al. (2003) emphasise that when working in communities with deprived individuals, the pharmacists should also consider how their own socioeconomic status influence the type of care they provide to the service users. They should also consider whether differences in socio-economic status have an impact on the care accredited the patients. There should also be a consideration if there are differences in the culture, educational level and vocabulary of service users and pharmacists. Differences might influence the step of care received by the patients for instance, differences in culture could easily lead to miscommunication and poor quality of care (Taylor et al., 2004).Bond (2000) expresses the need for pharmacists to examine the needs of each serv ice user and how they can empower individuals to seek for healthcare services and meet their own needs. In community desktops, it is essential to increase the self-efficacy of service users. Self-efficacy is described as the belief of an individual that they are capable of attaining specific goals through modifying their behaviour and adopting specific behaviours (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). In relation to addressing obesity amongst socio-economically deprived individuals, pharmacists can use the different models to help individuals identify their needs and allow them to gain self-efficacy. For example, pharmacists can use the health belief model to educate individuals on the consequences of obesity. On the other hand, the stages of change model can be utilised to help individuals changed their eating behaviour and improve their physical activities.Uptake of behaviours such as healthy eating and increasing physical activities are not always optimal despite concerted efforts of commu nities and policymakers (Reilly et al., 2006). It is suggested that changing ones behaviour require holistic and multilateral interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy of families and allowing them to take positive actions (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). There is evidence (Tucker et al., 2006 Barkin et al., 2012 Davison et al., 2013 Zhou et al., 2014) that multifaceted community-based interventions aimed at families are more likely to improve behaviour and mow incidence of obesity than single interventions. Community-based interventions can be supported with the ecological approaches model. This model recognises that ones family, community, the environment, policies and other environment-related factors influence the health of the individuals. To date, the Department of Health (2010) through its Healthy Lives, Healthy People policy reiterates the importance of maintaining an active and healthy lifestyle to prevent obesity. This policy allows local communities to take responsibilit y and be accountable for the health of its community members.Pharmacists are not only limited to dispensing advice on medications for obesity but to also facilitate a healthier lifestyle. This could be done through collaboration with other healthcare professionals in the community (Goodson, 2009). A multidisciplinary approach to health has been suggested to be effective in promoting positive health outcomes of service users (Zhou et al., 2014). As discussed in this essay, pharmacists can facilitate the access of service users to activities and programmes designed to prevent obesity amongst members in the community. Finally, pharmacists have integral roles in health promotion and are not limited to dispensing medications or provide counselling on pharmacologic therapies. Their roles have expanded to include providing patients with holistic interventions and facilitating uptake of health and social care services designed to manage and prevent obesity in socio-economically deprived ind ividuals.ConclusionIn conclusion, pharmacists can use the different health promotion models to address obesity amongst individuals with lower socioeconomic status. The use of these models will help pharmacists provide holistic interventions to this group and address their individual needs. The different health promotion models discussed in this essay shows that it is crucial to allow service users gain self-efficacy. This will empower them to take positive actions regarding their health. Finally, it is suggested that a multi-faceted, community based intervention will likely lead to a successful campaign against obesity.ReferencesAdams, J., Tyrrell, R., Adamson, A. & White, M. (2012). Socio-economic differences in exposure to television food advertisements in the UK a cross-sectional study of advertisements shell out in one television region. Public Health Nutrition, 15(3), 487-494.Barkin, S., Gesell, S., Poe, E., Escarfuller, J. & Tempesti, T. (2012). Culturally tailored, family-ce ntred, behavioural obesity intervention for Latino-American Preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 130(3), 445-456.Blenkisopp, A., Panton, R. & Anderson, C. (2000). Health Promotion for Pharmacists, 2nd ed. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blenkisopp, A., Andersen, C. & Panton, R. (2003). Promoting Health. In K. Taylor & G. Harding (Eds.), Pharmacy formula (pp. 135-147). London CRC Press.Bond, C. (2000). An introduction to pharmacy practice. In C. Bond (ed.), Evidence-based pharmacy (pp. 1-21). London Pharmaceutical Press.Davison, K., Jurkowski, J., Li, K., Kranz, S. & Lawson, H. ((2013). A childhood obesity intervention developed by families for families results from a pilot study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(3). Retrieved November 21, 2014 from http//www.ijbnpa.org/ confine/10/1/De Silva-Sanigorski, A. (2011). Obesity prevention in the family day care setting impact of the Romp & Chomp intervention on opportunities for childrens physical a ctivity and healthy eating. Child Care, Health and Development, 37(3), 385-393.Department of Health (2009). Change4Life. London Department of Health.Department of Health (2010). Healthy Lives, Healthy People. London Department of Health.Department of Health (2011). The Eatwell Plate. London Department of Health.Goodson, P. (2009). Theory in health promotion research and practice Thinking outside the box. London Jones & Bartlett Learning.Jones, S., Mannino, N. & Green, J. (2010). Like me, want me, buy me, eat me relationship-building marketing communications in childrens magazines. Public Health and Nutrition, 13(12), 2111-2118.Lubkin, I. & Larsen, P. (2011). Chronic illness impact and intervention. London Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Levin, B., Hurd, P. & Hanson, A. (2008). Introduction to public health in pharmacy. London Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Naidoo, J. & Wills, J. (2009) Foundations for health promotion. London Elsevier Health Sciences.Public Health England (2014). Trends in Obesity Prevalence. Retrieved November 21, 2014 from http//www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/trendsReilly, J., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Fisher, A., McColl, J., Lo Conte, R., Pathon, J. & Grant, S. (2006). Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, doi 10.1136/bmj.38979.623773.55 Retrieved November 21, 2014 from http//www.bmj.com/content/333/7577/1041.full.pdf+htmlTaylor, K., Nettleton, S. & Harding, G. (2004). Sociology for pharmacists An introduction. London CRC Press.Tucker, P., Irwin, J., Sangster Bouck, L., He, M. & Pollett, G. (2006). Preventing paediatric obesity recommendations from a community-based qualitative investigation. Obesity Review, 7(3), 251-260.Zhou, Z., Ren, H., Yin, Z., Wang, L. & Wang, K. (2014). A policy-driven multifaceted approach for the early childhood physical fitness promotion impacts on body composition and physical fitness in young Chinese children. BMC Pediatrics, 14 118 Retrieved November 21, 2014 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886119

Referring to Examples, Discuss the Factors

There are legion(predicate) different factors that bottom of the inning cause former to modify between big businessmans over time such as resources, population, and economics, force and ethnical. Superpowers are define as the capacity to project dominating power and influence anyway in the world, sometimes in more than one orbit of the globe at a time. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the British Empire was the biggest globular superpower. The British became a superpower during this time due to colonial rule. From colonisation they gained economically from the cheap raw materials. Maintaining colonial rule depended on military power.But when Britain started to decolonise its Empires they lost the title of a superpower. This was due to economic decline, Britain had overspent on war efforts and after WW2 was showing serious signs of economic slowd let. Also loss of military influence after the war. Moreover many colonies fought for the allies with their own indepe ndent armies. One by one after the war, for a range of reasons most of the colonies became indepent. So with this example we can protrude that the cause of power to breach was due to the war and the economic pressure it put on the British to lose its superpower statues.So we can see from British Empire, that was once a big empire with vast areas of huge armies and thriving economies. However they lost their power of being a superpower due to economic problems and war. We can already see that economics and military have a large impact towards maintaining superpower. Military helps them keep control of their power against uprising and economic helps them pay for the military. So when Britain make in debt due to ww2 it lost all its power. By 1900, the USA had taken over from Britain as the worlds largest economy.By 1940, it was the worlds largest manufacturer of industrial and consumer good. Also the US military dominates international arms and defence spending. We can see how pow er had shifted between Britain immediately to the US due to, Britains economic problems that caused it to loses its colonies and US with its high economy which caused the power to shift. chinaware is an example of an emerging superpower its economy has doubled in size every eight years since 1980. Since 2000, China has been the largest recipient of overseas investment, and now foreign-owned companies . 0% of the world trade since 2004 has been as a result of Chinas industrialisation. So here we can see that China has developed due to industrialisation, which has increased its power. China use to be a low-income country, so we can see from a low-income country to an emerging superpower how powers can shift over time due to many factors that influence the world. However even though China is an emerging superpower, it has come with some cost to the environment for example China has 16 of the blow over 20 most air-polluted cities in the world. The polluted air was blamed for over 400 0 000 premature deaths in 2003.Russia re-emerging as a global power, due to its natural splatter and is the second largest oil producer after Saudi Arabia. Due to Chinese and Indian economies have led huge demand for energy and increased global energy prices. Russia now sees itself as an energy superpower. So we can see that Russia is trying to emerge as a superpower with the increasing need for energy. This can have an affect in changing superpower, for example the USA depends largely on Russia for its energy and if Russia stops supplying it to the US they will have problems, which many lead them into not being a superpower anymore.Power shifts between superpowers over time due to so many different reasons, such as cultural imperialism, industrialisation, military power, colonise, economics. If we look at Britain as an example, after the Second World War it lost it title as a superpower, because of the economic strain the war caused and loss of its military power. Or superpowers c an change due to development in a county and their global influence such as China. Superpowers can shift over time, because some countries develop and take over old superpowers, China is emerging fast so we could see a change in superpower between China and America.

The population of humans, on earth, has always been dependant on the availability of resources

The commonwealth of humans, on earth, has always been dependant on the availability of resources. We are not in equilibrium with the ecosystems and once these resources affiliate out, so allow for our time on earth. These models try to explain how long we have left, and why this is the graphic symbol. The main reason that these models are only valuable for explaining the past, and not predicting the future is that there are to many variables, such(prenominal) as war and famine, that they do not take into account.The models all show a pattern that keeps repeating, in the case of Malthus, the population is limited by feed supply. But this isnt always the case, as explained by Esther Boserups model, which explains that temperament is the mother of invention. This means that the population increases, and may exceed the food supply, but then inventions and technological advances create ways to accommodate this problem. The Club of Rome model, which explains Malthusian principles, s imilarly takes into consideration resources, such as water. This model illustrates that the population will increase and the amount of resources will decrease. Population will exceed the resources and continue to increase for some time, and then it will decrease very dramatically.Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory SystemUnfortunately, these models cannot predict extreme circumstances, such as war and famine. These events play a huge part in population growth, as did the events of domain War II, after which there was a large baby-boom and the population of UK increased dramatically. War can also alter population the other way. A countrys population could also decrease due to war, by refugees moving out, and also the loss inhabitants in combat. Famine also causes emigration to other, more prosperous countries, but also leads to a decrease in population due to death rates increasing. These type of events are impossible to predict, but still play a huge part in the way population stands aga inst the resources available.The development of LEDCs has also not been taken into account by Malthus and Club of Romes models. Boserup, on the other hand, for foresaw these actions, to an extent as she explained that when the population starts overwhelming the natural resources, we find methods to revert the situation (i.e. development). With LEDCs developing populations will stop increasing so dramatically which will release the touch on our resources. With the introduction of contraception to LEDCs, the birth rates are start to decrease, and this means that there will be less people requiring the valuable resources, such as water.Malthus and Club of Rome also missed the concept of rapid development. For example, the Industrial Revolution in the 17th and 18th century, had a huge squeeze on the amount of resources available, which is yet another example of Boserups theory being closer to the truth than the others. The UK had problems with the amount of resources at their disposa l so they found a way to obtain more in the form of technical advances and inventions. This was not the only revolution that disrupted the theories of Malthus and Club of Rome, though. The agricultural revolution in 1798, created a surplus of food available to the population and therefore, the resources was not limited to the countries inhabitants, another example of Boserups theory.The introduction of renewable energy, such as HEP, has also thrown Malthus model, as well as Club of Romes because it has created a resource that will not run out. This is another indicator that Boserup had the right idea that humans will hold of a solution every time that resource-levels become low.All in all, both Malthus and Club of Romes models were much better at explaining the past than predicting the future as they do not take into account so many variables. Boserups model, although not perfect, is a more accurate prediction of what is yet to come, as her theory that nature is the mother of inven tion, is true, to some extent, when humans are concerned. Her model takes into account the fact that people change when their lives are under too much pressure. LEDCs are starting to develop due to the realization that if they dont, they will have serious problems.

Emergency Management Essay

The 9/11 tragedy has left a comment on history. In fact, there are m whatsoever researches and investigative studies that are yet to unveil the truth and flaws behind this tragic accompaniment. This unfortunate turn of events has therefore led to controversies and debates on multiple levels hanging too many questions at the back of our minds that are yet to be answered. Yet, this withal led to our consciousness in terrorism and how we go off effectively prevent it. This research aims to travel by the readers concise details with regards to the 9/11 tragedy and provide a better misgiving concerning this issue.Looking back 9/11 attacks family line 11, 2001 the day when the world witnessed a horrifying and unbearable scene as a terrorist plot was execute to bring terror in the country. Terrorists associated with radix hijacked four passenger aircraft and used it as weapons for terrorism acts with New York and Washington DC as their main targets. The demotime two aircraft, Ame rican Airlines leakage 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were plummeted into the twin towers of the renowned World Trade Center in New York City.The one-third aircraft, American Airlines Flight 77 thus punctured a hole at the Pentagon leaving nearly 3000 lifeless bodies on the spot. The fourth airliner, United Airlines Flight 93 on the other hand, crashed into a field near Shanksville by and by the attempt of passengers and crew members to take control of the plane as revealed on its blackamoor box recordings. Sadly, there are no known survivors from any of the flights. Minutes after the appalling attacks, New York City fire companies and crews were sent to the site to give nurture assistance to the victims and touched civilians. Almost 200 units were deployed by the FDNY and more than 400 firefighters to help them.Paramedics and medical checkup assistance in like manner stand by on the scene. Unfortunately, a total of 411 sine qua non workers died as they perform their dut ies. The New York City eruption part (FDNY) lost 341 firefighters and 2 paramedics. The New York City patrol Department on the other hand lost 23 officers. The Port Authority Police Department also lost 37 officers while EMS lost 8. It took months to fetch up the convalescence. Amidst the grief of this tragic event, speculations started to arise as to who, why and how this unfortunate tragedy marked the history. Behind the Plot Revealing the people involvedThe tragic 9/11 attacks showcased an obvious act of terrorism. It was say to be associated with a terrorist group al-Qaeda. Al Qaeda dated way back 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan as headed by Osama put in stretch. The idea of the 9/11 attacks came from a sure Khalid Sheikh Mohammed who presented the idea to Bin Laden in 1996. During that time, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda have just transferred to Afghanistan from Sudan. In late 1998 to early 1999, the terrorist group leader gave approval to Mohammed to pursue t he plot. Together with Mohammed Atef, Bin Laden and Mohammed had several meetings concerning their plot.Bin Laden even provided leadinghip and financial support for the plot. He was also responsible for choosing Mohammed Atta as the lead hijacker. As many as 27 members of the express group participated in this terrifying plot. The attacks were consistently holding on the mission statement of al-Qaeda, Slay the Pagans wherever ye find them as quoted in the Koran. Bin Laden interpreted the utter quote in his Letter to America of October 2002 you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind.You are the nation who, rather than sentiment by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you leave behind and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms absolute strength to the Lord and your Creator. Thus leading to the execution of the terrifying 9/11 attacks. After the attacks, Bin Laden initially denied any involvement in the said incident. But after further investigation, Bin Laden publicly acknowledged Al-Qaedas involvement in the said attacks. In 2004, shortly after the U. S. Presidential Elections, Bin Laden tell his direct connection to the attacks via video-taped statement.The Fire Department City of New York (FDNY) and the New York City Police Department (NYPD) The Fire Department City of New York (FDNY) also known as the New York City Fire Department has played a huge role during the 9/11 tragedy particularly in providing emergency medical runs and technical rescue. With approximately 11,400 officers and firefighters and over 2,500 EMTs and paramedics, the department pledge to perform their tasks and character challenges the best(p) way possible. This without a doubt clearly reflects their motto New Yorks Bravest. New York Firefighters rushed to the scene on that very day of the attack.Brave as they can be, the FDNY deployed their men to snak e through stairwells and hallways of the collapsing structure. While the rest of the people are struggling their way out of the building, some firefighters were racing their way up to reach people trapped on the upper floors. They never made it out. More than 300 firefighters and paramedics have lost their lives saving others. It was perhaps the most traumatic respond ever made by the FDNY. The New York City PoliceDepartment, which was established in 1844, also extended their help to victims of the 9/11 attacks. organism the largest police force in North America and considered as one of the first modern style police departments in America, the NYPD just like any other department came rushing to the scene to provide assistance needed. They also conduct further investigation after the attacks. What went wrong? During the 9/11 attacks, evident flaws occurred, which definitely created a huge tinct in the said incident. Some of which took place due to technical difficulties, unpreparedn ess and lack of cooperation from the people involved. Take for instance, the flawed piano tuner dialogue. This drew problems especially to the part of the firefighters.Troubled radio communications caused commanders to lose contact with many firefighters who waited for evacuation orders internal the building. There was also no communication with the police who had helicopters at the scene. There were claims of fatal confusion regarding command and control. With defective communication, at to the lowest degree 121 firefighters died helplessly when the compass north tower fell. During the final minutes, most firefighters inside the north tower had no idea that building had started to fall down. They were waiting for orders in the lobby which obviously didnt come or at least fell short. Mr. Thomas Von Essen, citys fire commissioner from 1996 through 2001, and a former president of the main fire union, believes that the number of firefighter casualties in north tower is a serious m atter.The fact that more than a third of the 343 firefighter deaths were from the north tower even though it stood 29 minutes long-life than the south baffles the department Amidst the crisis, the two largest emergency departments barely spoke to coordinate strategy thus creating speculations that tribal feud is also one of the flaws that severely alter the incident. Problems involving the police also arise-jammed phone lines, missing radio, unavailablepersonnel to pick up the calls to name some. Yet it was leged out by Chief Pfeifer that there was no police supervisors at the lobby command posts set by the fire department to coordinate efforts. Instead, the police established their command post three blocks away. not a single firefighter was able to board the police helicopters as well. And when police pilots reported large pieces falling from the south tower, only police officers had seen it and hear their warnings leaving the firefighters uninformed. But police officials blame the firefighters lack of paramilitary discipline.Although there were several talks between the police and fire departments during the previous years, there was no final agreement making it more complicated for the two. Another flaw is the lack of concrete plan and control. Although it was not evident in the footages, some firefighters talked nearly aimlessness of the respond. Obviously, it has exceeded anybody elses expectation. The report also pointed out that the police departments disaster plans in large scale measures failed. These technical difficulties and other issues added to the lodge of surviving the turmoil of the attacks.After the traumatic incident and the harsh lesson, some changes have been made to at least prevent another disaster. Emergency medical workers can now create contact to the police directly via radio. Fire officials can now use information from police helicopters and law enforcement officers and emergency service agencies came hand-in-hand in holding j oint drills at high-rise buildings, jails and the citys tunnels. After the said attacks, a safe and secure network has become a priority since the Police and Fire Departments could not communicate becomingly at the rescue.There were plans of improving the technology of communication as well as the forward motion of strategic skills in rescuing. In fact, the Fire Department has conducted more than 10 drills in the past two years at high-rise office buildings to go for their rescue skills. Emergency Management or Disaster Management Emergency Management, also known as Disaster Management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks by preparing for disaster before it happens. It also involves disaster response (e. g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, and mass decontamination), as well supporting and rebuilding the society after a certain disaster-whether it is natural or human-made- have occurred. It is a process by which the society manages to at least lessen the burden of the disasters impact by taking proper actions.Every activity being conducted at each level is interconnected and might affect each other. There are four phases of emergency worry. ane is the so-called Mitigation. Mitigation involves exerting attempts to prevent hazards from being disasters or to subdue the effect of a certain disaster when it occurs. Compared to other phases, the mitigation phase focuses on long- call measures for reducing or eliminating risk. Applied recovery process after a disaster can be considered a part of mitigation strategies while actions that reduce or eliminate risk are considered mitigation efforts. In mitigation, measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions while the Non-structural includes legislation, land-use proviso and insurance. One of the essential activities in mitigation is the identification of risks. It is the process of identifying and evaluating hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and riots which pose a risk to community within the area assessed. neighboring phase is the so-called Preparedness. In this phase, emergency managers develop plans of action when disaster hits a certain area. Some of the preparedness measures include the communication plans with easily comprehendible terminology and chain of command development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command proper maintenance and training of emergency services development and exercise of emergency population warning methods as well as stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipments needed.Aside form the above-mentioned, another efficient preparedness measure is an emergency trading operations internality (EOC) and the development of volunteer response capability among civilians. Since there is an increasing number of volunteers and is neither as predictable nor plan able as professional response, they are deployed on the periphery of an emergency. Also, the Casualty Prediction is another essential aspect of preparedness. The study of the number of deaths or injuries to expect on a certain event gives the planners an idea of what resources are needed. The next one is the Response.This includes the necessary emergency services and responds in the affected area. Emergency services such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews can be supported secondary emergency services such as specialist rescue team. There are also volunteers and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) which may provide nimble assistance such as first aid provision. Next to Response is the so-called Recovery. It is the phase wherein the restoration of the affected area took place. Recovery is concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after being address.This may include rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment and the repair of other infrastructure. In line with all of the emergency management measures, some International Organizations also provided their assi stance to further utilize the disaster management discipline. The International Association of Emergency Managers is a non-profit educational organization which dedicates itself in promoting the goal of saving lives and protecting properties during disasters and emergencies. The group provides information, networking and professional opportunities and advance emergency management profession to its members.Another international organization is the renowned Red finical/ Red Crescent. This organization is known for its pivotal roles in responding to emergencies and extending help to those who are in need. They also deploy assessment teams to affected countries and specialize in the recovery component of emergency management framework. The United Nations, another international organization also devotes itself in emergency management. They can provide international response to affected countries as requested by the countrys government, by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitari an Affairs (UN-OCHA) and by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDC) team. The World cuss is another international organization which has approved more than 500 operations related to disaster management amounting to more than US$40 billion. The said operations include post-disaster reconstruction projects, as well as projects aimed at preventing and mitigating disaster impacts in countries like Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Haiti and India. In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management style (FEMA) is the lead agency for emergency management. FEMA covered one of ten regions of the U. S. and its territories.Emergencies are managed in the most local-level possible but if the emergency is related to terrorism act, it is then declared an Incident of National Significance. The secretary of motherland Security will then initiate the National Response Framework, which involves federal resources, integrating in with the local, county, state, or tribal group. Another organization involved in emergency management is the Citizen Corp which conducts volunteer service programs, administered locally and coordinated nationally by the DHS.They seek to mitigate disaster and prepare for emergency response through public education, training, and outreach program. The Aftermath After the turn of events of the 9/11 attacks, the United States in concert with other countries around the globe became more cautious against potential follow-up attacks. Air travels across the United States was almost entirely suspended for three neat days. In other countries like the United Kingdom, aircrafts were also prohibited from flying for several days due to the fear of encountering terrorist attacks. many memorials were conducted all over the world. It is as if the whole world became united during the most distressing time.In Berlin, over 200,000 German soldiers marched whole- heartedly to show their condolences and solidarity with the United States. On the other hand, a French theme released a front page headline Nous sommes tous Americains, meaning We are all Americans. A national day of mourning was also held in Ireland on September 14 and the U. S. national anthem was played during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham palace. All of which aims to show support the best way they can. With all the adjacent aftermath, the United States expressed their right to defend themselves gathering support acrossthe world and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368. People in the United States also showcased their support in their own little ways. They started gathering around the popularized phrase United We Stand with hopes of being strong and keeping the American spirit alive. Numerous people never hesitate to extend their help to the victims. They also paid tribute to the brave men and women who risk their lives to save others by wearing NYPD and FDNY hats. sluice the rescue dogs were paid a tribute during the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Only weeks after the attacks, blood donations climb to itshighest point, greater than the corresponding weeks of the previous year. The economical status of the country was also affected due the attacks. The New York Stock Exchange, American Stock Exchange and NASDAQ were closed on September 11up to September 17. It was said to be the longest closure since the Great Depression in 1933. By the end of the week, stock market index fell 1369. 7 points (14. 3%), the largest one-week point drop in the history. United States had lost $1. 2 trillion value for the said week. Health problems also arise after the attacks, mostly respiratory disease.The powdered concrete on the streets has caused the increased cases of serious lung and cardiovascular disorders as covered in a recent article Tracing Lung Ailments that Rose with 9/11 Dust, May 13, 2008. In 2004, almost 500 screened rescue-and-recovery workers and volunteers were reported to obtain persistent respiratory problems and psychological symptoms. The incident also created a huge emotional impact to children especially to those whose parents are working at the World Trade Center. The U. S. responded to attacks by declaring a War on Terrorism. They launched an invasion ofAfghanistan to overthrow the Taliban, the place who cater al-Qaeda terrorists. The administration also stick to their goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda down to justice and avoid further terrorists network. Other nations also pushed on change their anti- terrorism laws and expanded its powers. The 9/11 attacks also prompted George W. Bushs job approval rating soaring up to 86%. The same attacks also created a focus on domestic security issues as well as the creation of a new cabinet-level federal agency called the Department of Homeland Security. Also, the USAPatriot Act of 2001 was passed enabling the law enforcement agencies to impose search and surveillance powers over the U. S. Citizens. This has led to the creation of the Information Awareness Office, headed by John Poindexter. The said office has amended a program called Total Awareness in May 2003 which aims to develop technology that would enable the collecting and affect of information that might help in predicting terrorists activities. On the other hand, the Muslim community had a mixed reaction to the attacks. Majority of the political and religious leaders condemned the attacks.The media even picked up on a number of celebrations of the attacks as if enjoying the every minute of the 9/11 tragedy. But there were some less tell activities such as public displays of sympathy by candle lighting in Iran. The attacks also triggered some incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Middle Easterners and even those who sense of smell like one. Discrimination and false accusations were also experienced by those who were believed to be from the Middle East. Almost 762 suspected Muslims were rounded up by the United States. Reports stated that some 60 Israelis were among them.According to the Federal investigators, the said people were believed to be a part of a long-running effort to spy the American government officials for further plans. But none of them were ever charged with terrorism. Following the attacks, almost 80,000 Arab and Muslims immigrants were asked to be fingerprinted and registered under the Alien Registration Act of 1940. The 9/11 has indeed changed the face of national security. It has created a scar not only to the country, but to the victims and their families as well. Terrifying as it could be, the 9/11 attacksare only some of the numerous violent attacks by terrorists not only in the United States but in other countries too. This calls for the immediate action of the appropriate people. Preparations and awareness has to be addressed to prevent encountering yet another horrific incident. With the fast-paced technology, acts that might bring terror to countries become easier. But being cautious, well-informed, and focused during times of terror will definitely prevent severe aftermath. The 9/11 attacks were way over but the sympathy towards each other remains intact. This incident opened doors to show concern to each other.This incident also proved that during times of terror and hopelessness, people-regardless of their nationalities, beliefs and vision- can become united and stand as one. References Kleinfield, N. R. (September 7, 2007). September 11, 2001. The New York quantify from http//topics. nytimes. com/timestopics/subjects/s/sept_11_2001/ Fritsch, Jane, (September 12,2001). A day of terror The Response Rescue Workers Rush In, And Many Do Not Return. The New York Times from http//query. nytimes. com/ hypertext mark-up language? res=9F06E2DB1238F931A2575AC0A9679C8B63 Hauser, Christine. (July 31,2008) Police and Fire Radios Are Talking to Each Other.The New York Times from http//www. nytimes. com/2008/07/31/nyregion/31comm. html? partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Neilan, Teren ce (2001-09-11). 2 Planes Crash Into World Trade Center. The New York Times. Dwyer Jim, Flynn Kevin and Fessenden cut through (July 7, 2002) Fatal Confusion A Troubled Emergency Response 9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan. The New York Times from http//query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9E05E7DA1E31F934A35754C0A9649C Rashbaum, William (July 27, 2002) Report on 9/11 Finds Flaws In Response of Police Dept. The New York Times from http//query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. htmlres=9A05E6DC163BF934A15754C0A9649C8B63Profiles of 9/11 About 9/11. The register Channel. A&E Television Networks September 11 Chronology of terror. CNN Full text Bin Ladens Letter to America. The Guardian (2002-11-24). How 9/11 changed America In statistics. 11 September Five years on. BBC (2006). Glynn, Simone A. Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety The September 11 Experience. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 2246-2253. George D. Jane A. Bullock (2004). Intro duction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-7689-2.

Do You Like Surprises ? Why?

To be surprised is for the flow of life to reach you personally, to be a participant in the unpredictability of life, for separate or for worse. To never be surprised is to live an incredibly sheltered life, or to be completely insensitive to the ebb and flow of live more or less you. I often interchangeable to be surprise even from the childhood. My surprises come just on holidays such as St. Nicholas or Santa Claus.I remember when my parents tried for days to make for us my holiday surprises, like putting at foot tree or in boots various gifts that always surprises me with joy. Lately, when I got married my economize was the one who started to make for me different surprises, surprised me with things material or spiritual. I remember with nostalgia, when I was kid looking forward to the winter holidays? to receive gifts. I have long believed in Santa Claus a holiday and in holy Romanian Orthodox calendar, where it comes my name Nicoleta.I grapple more than Santa Claus because my mom always surprises me with gifts twice. at a time she put it in my shoes toy, candy, and later surprised me with cake, cookies, and we celebrate a birthday with neighbors children or from school that were my guests surprise. Nowadays, although I grew up with my mother surprised with call or gifts when we are closed. My husband the second person in my life who conquered surprises me is my husband. He fell in love with me since the first moment of surprise.We have met on the Internet, and the first surprise that I did it after two months of online conversation was coming to Romania to see me. Of course, he came laden with gifts for the full-length family, although we do not knew very well. I thought he was a nice gesture and I took it as a charity. Another surprise was when he comeback next time with Engagement ring and he asked me to be his wife. However, after that come more, and more surprises from his part and my life became changes. In conclusion, I like to make surprises as well as to accept them,

Attachment, Loss and Bereavement

This essay describes and evaluates the contributions of Bowlby, Ainsworth, Murray-Parkes, Kubler-Ross and Worden, as well as later theorists, to their respective fields. I demonstrate how I already work with some of these sticks, highlighting my strengths and areas for culture. I emphasise some influences on Bowlbys work, leading to his trilogy concomitant 1969 Separation 1973 and Loss, trouble and Depression 1980 demonstrating how chemical bonds in infancy whitethorn shape our shackle manners in later life.Pietromonaco and Barrett posit A central tenet of holdfast theory is that state develop manpowertal representations, or interior operative models that consist of expectations about the ego, signifi undersidet others and the kinship surrounded by the both. (Pietromonaco and Barrett, 2000, 42, p156). I illustrate how this internal functional model is developed via the relationship between infant and primary care consumer, demonstrating that maternal want can cr eate a faulty internal working model, which may lead to psychopathology in later life.I also demonstrate how these internal working models influence our reactions to loss and bereavement in heavy(a)hood and their potential collision on the counselling relationship. In addition, I search the multi-layered losings experience by human immunodeficiency virus+ aerial men and finally draw some conclusions. Freuds view on the infants alliance to its start out was quite simple the reason why the infant in arms wants to perceive the posture of its mother is only because it already knows by experience that she satisfies all its needs without delay. (Freud, 1924, p188 cited in Eysenck, 2005, p103).In contrast, behaviourists reckond that feeding played a central role in the training of adhesiveness. (Pendry, 1998 Eysenck, 2005). These theories were preconditi championd secondary-drive theories. In 1980, Bowlby recalled this secondary drive theory did not seem to me to fit the facts . but, if the secondary dependency was inadequate, what was the alternative? (Bowlby,1980, p650 cited in Cassidy and Shaver, 1999, p3).Bowlbys theory was influenced by his paper Forty four-spot Juvenile Thieves, where he concluded a correlation exists between maternal red in infancy, leading to affectionless psychopathology and subsequent criminal behaviour in adolescents. (Bowlby, 1944, 25, p19-52). This led to him interrogationing the bear on of loss on children dis blank spaced with war and institutionalisation, dissolving agenting in Maternal Care and Mental Health (1952), where he confirms a link between environ psychic trauma and resultant disturbances in child development.As a result of this research, Bowlby concluded it is psychological deprivation rather than the economic, nutritional or medical deprivation that is the cause of troubled children. (Bowlby in Coates, 2004, 52, p577). He was further influenced by Lorenz who found that goslings would follow and attach themselves to the initiative pitiable object they saw. This following of the first moving object was called imprinting. (Lorenz, 1937 cited in Kaplan, 1998, p124).Cl beforehand(predicate) babies cannot follow at will to compensate for this, Bowlby noted that imprinting manifested itself as a spectacularly more complex phenomenon in primates, including man, which he later labelled bond. (Hoover, 2004, 111, p58-60). He also embraced the work of Harlow and Zimmerman who worked with infant rhesus monkeys demonstrating that not only did the need for attachment give them security, but that this need took priority over their need for food. (Harlow and Zimmerman 1959 cited in Green and Scholes, 2003, p9).Dissatisfied with traditional theories, Bowlby embraced new understandings through discussion with colleagues from such(prenominal) fields as developmental psychology, ethology, control systems theory and cognitive science, leading him to earnulate his theory that the mechanisms under lying the infants tie to the mother originally emerged as a result of evolutionary and biological pressures. (Cassidy and Shaver, 1999 Green and Scholes, 2003).Defining his attachment theory as a way of conceptualising the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others. (Bowlby, 1979 cited in Green and Scholes, 2003, p7), he posited that it is our affectional bonds to attachment figures that engage us in our most intense emotions. and that this occurs during their formation (we call that falling in love), in their care (which we describe as loving) and in their loss (which we know as grieving), (Green and Scholes, 2003, p8), thereby replacing the secondary-drive theory with a model emphasising the role relationships play in attachment and loss. (Waters, Crowell, Elliott et all, 2002, 4, p230-242).Disregarding what he called Freuds cupboard love theory of attachment, he believed instead that a child is born biologically pre-disposed to become attac hed to its mother, claiming this bond has two essential features the biological function of securing protection for survival and the physiological and psychological need for security. (Green and Scholes, 2003 Schaffer, 2004). Sonkin (2005) describes four features to this bond apprehend base, insularism protest, safe haven and propinquity maintenance.The concept of a insure base is fundamental to attachment theory and is used to describe a dependable attachment to a primary caregiver. This secure base is established by providing consistent levels of safety, responsiveness and emotional comfort from within which the infant can explore his or her external and internal worlds and to which they can return, thus providing a spirit of security. Separation protest is exhibited as a sign of the distress experienced upon separation from an attachment figure, who may also be used as a safe haven to turn to for comfort in times of distress.When safety is threatened, infants attract the atte ntion of their primary caregiver through crying or screaming. Maintaining attention and interest, e. g. vocalising and smiling, and seeking or maintaining proximity, e. g. following or clinging, all serve to promote the safety provided by the secure base (providing of blood that parents respond appropriately). (Holmes, 1993 Cassidy and Shaver 1999 Becket, 2002 Green and Scholes, 2003).Proximity seeking is a two way address, for example child seeking parent or parent seeking child. (Weiss in Murray-Parkes, Stevenson-Hinde and Marris, 1991 Becket, 2004 Sonkin, 2007). Bowlby also experienced unwilling separation caused by parents who were phsycially present but not able to respond, or who deprived infants of love or ill-treated them, go forth them with a sense of immense deprivation and that this unwilling separation and resultant loss leads to deep emotional distress. (Green and Scholes, 2003).At a recent conference, the Centre for Attachment base Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy ( CAPP) asserts Early interactions with prodigious others in which there are fundamental failures of empathy, attunement, recognition and regulation of emotional states, have been sh knowledge to cause the global disruption of any coherent attachment strategy, thus engendering fears of disintegration and threatening psychic survival. In the face of such experiences, powerful dissociative defences may be employed, encapsulating raise feelings of fear, rage and shame. (CAPP, 2007).Together with Robertson and Rosenbluth, Bowlby demonstrated that even brief separation from the mother has profound emotional effects on the infant. Their research highlighted a three stage behavioral response to this separation protest related to separation anxiety despair related to grief and mourning and detachment related to defences. (Robertson, Rosenbluth, Bowlby, 1952 in Murray-Parkes, Stevenson-Hinde and Marris, 1991). Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters and debate (1978) later established the inter-rel atedness between attachment behaviour, maternal sensitivity and exploration in the child.Under clinical settings, they sought to observe the effects of temporary separation from the mother, which was assessed via the contradictory situation procedure. This study involved children between the ages of 12 to 18 months who experienced separation from their mother, introduction to an unfamiliar adult and finally reunion with their mother. Ainsworth et al reasoned that if attachment was strong, mother would be used as a secure base from which the infant could explore, thereby promoting self-reliance and autonomy. Upon separation, infants usually demonstrated separation anxiety.Upon re-union, the mothers maternal sensitivity and the childs responses were observed, thus providing a link between Bowlbys theory and its application to individual experience. The trust/ qualm in the infants ability to explore their world from the secure base is re-inforced by Eriksons (1965) examination of ear ly development and the childs experiencing of the world as a place that is nurturing, reliable and trustworthy (or not). Influenced by Ainsworths previous work in Uganda, the strange situation led to the compartmentalisation of secure or insecure attachment styles in infants.Insecure styles were further grouped into insecure/avoidant and insecure/resistant (ambivalent). (Pendry, 1998 Holmes, 2001 Eysenck, 2005). Main and Solomon later added a fourth attachment style insecure/disorganised. (Main and Solomon, 1986 in Cassidy and Shaver, 1999, p290). Throughout all of these interactions, an internal working model is developed, the cultivation of which relies on the dyadic patterns of relating between primary caregiver and infant (Bretherton, 1992, 28, p759-775), comprising the complex monitoring of internal states of primary caregiver and infant.(Waters, Crowell, Elliott et al, 2002, 4, p230-242).According to Schore These formative experiences are embedded in the developing attachmen t relationship nature and nurture first come together in mother-infant psychobiological interactions. (Schore, 2001, 17, p26). Over time, this leads to the infants ability to self-monitor their emotions (affect regulation), but until such time, Bowlby posited the mother acts as the childs ego and super-ego She orients him in space and time, provides his environment, permits the satisfaction of some impulses, restricts others.She is his ego and his super-ego. (Bowlby, 1951, p53 cited in Bretherton, 1992, 28, p765). Bowlby concluded a healthy internal working model is a working model of an attachment figure who is conceived as accessible, trustworthy and ready to help when called upon, whilst a faulty model is a working model of an attachment figure to whom are attributed such characteristics as uncertain accessibility, unwilllingness to respond helpfully, or perhaps the likelihood of responding hostilely. (Bowlby, 1979, p141).Ainsworth suggests that positive attachment is more th an explicit behaviour it is built into the nervous system, in the short letter and as a result of the infants experience of his transactions with the mother. (Ainsworth, 1967, p429), thus controling Bowlbys theory. Later descriptions of attachment styles describe secure attachment as the development of the basic machinery to self-regulate affects later in life, (Fonagy, Gergely and Jurist, 2002 cited in Sarkar and Adshead, 2006, 12, p297), whilst insecure attachment prevents the development of a proper affect regulatory capacity. (Sarkar and Adshead, 2006, 12, p297).This is support by Schore (2003) who alludes to developmental affective neuroscience to set out a framework for affect regulation and dysregulation. Based on research into the development of the infant brain, he reviews neuro-scientific evidence to confirm the infants relationship with the primary caregiver has a direct effect on the development of brain structures and pathways involved in both affect regulation and d ysregulation.The research and evidence suggests the internal working model begins as soon as the child is born and is the model upon which approaching relationships are formed. The quality of the primary caregivers response to infant distress provides the foundation upon which behavioural and cognitive strategies are developed, which in the longer term influence thoughts, feelings and behaviours in adult relationships. (Cardwell, Wadeley and Murphy, 2000 Pietromonaco and Barrett, 2000, 42, p155 Madigan, Moran and Pederson, 2006, 422, p293).A healthy, secure attachment to the primary caregiver would therefore appear essential for a childs social, emotional and intellectual development, whilst interruption to this attachment would appear to promote the premise of psychopathology in later life. Whilst some evidence exists to demonstrate internal working models can be modified by different environmental experiences, (Riggs, Vosvick and Stallings, 2007, 126, p922-936), the extent to whi ch they can change remains in question.Bowlby himself postulated clinical evidence suggests that the essential revisions of the model are not always easy to achieve. Usually they are completed but only slowly, often they are through with(p) imperfectly, and sometimes done not at all. (Bowlby, 1969, p83). Whilst change may be possible, the unconscious aspects of internal working models are deemed to be specifically resistant to such change. (Prior and Glaser, 2006). We can safely assume therefore, that in the majority of cases, internal working models tend to persist for life.I concur with Rutters criticism of Bowlbys concept of monotropy, i.e. Bowlbys belief that babies develop one primary attachment, usually the mother, (Rutter, 1981 cited in Lucas, 2007, 13, p156 and in Eysenck 2005), give birthing instead that infants form multiple attachments. This is back up by a study by Shaffer and Emmerson (1964) who concluded infants form a hierarchy of attachments, often with the mothe r as the primary attachment figure, although nearly a third of children observed highlighted the father as the primary attachment figure. (Schaffer and Emmerson, 1964 in Cassidy and Shaver, 1999, p44-67).Collins, Dunlop and Chrysler criticise Bowlbys lens in that it was limited by his own cultural, historical and class position. Bowlbys culturally biased assumptions and empiricist methods of inquiry heavy on individualised detachment and loss as part of the normal course of mourning loss, which perpetuated the Western tradition of preserving the autonomous individual self as the normal goal of development. (Collins, Dunlop and Chrysler, 2002, p98), leading them to conclude Bowlbys assumptions ignored other cultural practices (as did Ainsworths), with which I agree.They also suggest Bowlbys concept of maternal deprivation was perhaps exploited to get women to return to the home post World War II Characterised as a choice, this homeward bound strikement was supported by the variou s governments, whose maternalist and pronatalist ideology of the 1930s continued into the post-war period to provide a rationale for sending women home to reproduce maternalism and the maternal deprivation hypothesis provided one conceptual framework for pronatal ideology as it intersectedwith the demands of governments and industrialists. (Collins, Dunlap and Chrysler, 2002, p102).We must also remember that Bowlbys observations were based on children who had been separated from their primary caregivers during the indorse World War (Lemma, 2003 cited in Lucas, 2007, 13, p156), and that these procedures were based on behaviours that occurred during stressful situations rather than under normal circumstances. (Lucas, 2007, 13, p156) this latter criticism also applies to Ainsworths work.Nonetheless, in highlighting the damaging effects of institutionalised care on young children, Bowlbys strengths lie in drawing attention to the role attachment, attachment behaviour and attachment behavioural systems play in a childs development and the subsequent potential consequences of disruption to the bond between infant and primary caregiver. I concur with Cassidy and Shavers (1999) criticisms of the strange situation in that there are too many unconsidered variables for a firm theory to be established at the time of Ainsworths writings, accepting their view that she did not consider the mood nor temperament of the child.Nonetheless, Ainsworth et al have provided a tool with which to throwaway attachment styles in infants, which is still in use today. Later research by George, Kaplan and Main assesses adult internal models through the use of the Adult Attachment Interview. This classification of adult attachment styles promotes the idea of models extending into adulthood as a template for future relationships. (George, Kaplan and Main 1985 cited in Pendry, 1998).Hazan and Shaver continued this line of research identifying patterns of attachment behavior in adult roman tic relationships, concluding the same four attachment styles identified in infancy remain true for adult relationships. (Hazan and Shaver 1987 in Cassidy and Shaver, 1999, p355-377). Although theoretically rooted in the same innate system, adult romantic attachment styles differ from parent-child bonds to include reciprocity of attachment and caregiving, as well as sexual mating.(Hazan and Zeifman, 1999 in Cassidy and Shaver, 1999, p336-354).The literature on bereavement has become inseparable from Bowlbys theory of attachment and, following from this, the way in which people react to the loss of this attachment. On reflecting on losses in adult life, Weinstein (2008) observes Bowlbys persistence of formative attachments and how the pattern of protest, despair and detachment that follows a babys separation from its primary caregiver is re-activated and presented in full force in adult loss.Weinstein writes The ability of the adult to cope with attachment in intimate relationships t o negotiate independence, dependency and inter-dependency and to manage loss is all about how successfully they coped with separation as an infant. As a baby they had to retain their sense of their mother even in her absence and now as adults, as part of the mourning process, they strengthen their own identity with the support of the internalised object. (Weinstein, 2008, p34).According to Murray-Parkes (1996), the intensity and continuance of this grief is relative to what is lost and the grief process is an emotional response to this loss. Murray-Parkes joined Bowlby at the Tavistock Centre in 1962. Together they presented a paper linking the protests of separation highlighted by Robertson, Rosenbluth and Bowlby (1952) in young children separated from their mothers, to grief in adults. (Bowlby and Murray-Parkes, 1970 in Murray-Parkes, Stevenson-Hinde and Marris, 1991, p20).Around the same time, Murray-Parkes visited Kubler-Ross who was conducting her own research into death and dying. This work was later published in On Death and Dying (1969) which examines the process of coming to terms with terminal illness or grief in five stages denial anger talk terms depression and acceptance. Murray-Parkes later produced a four-phase grief model consisting shock or numbness yearning and pining disorganisation and despair and re-organisation.In contrast to the passive stage/phased approaches by Kubler-Ross and Murray-Parkes, and perhaps more in line with Freuds concept of having to do grief work, Worden developed a four- represent, task-based grief model to accept the reality of the loss to work through the pain of grief to adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missing and to emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life. (Worden, 2003). All three models are deemed to be remediationally useful in that they recognise grief as a process and provide a framework of descriptors for normalising grief reactions.That said, they are intelligibly pre scriptive and caution should be exercised in taking any of these prescriptive stages, phases or tasks literally. It is equally important to recognise the uniqueness of individual responses to loss and to avoid prescribing where a client ought to be in their grieving process. Since these models were never designed as a linear process, it is also important not to steer clients through these stages. This is supported by Schuchter and Zisook (1993), who assert Grief is not a linear process with concrete boundaries but, rather, a composite plant of overlapping, fluid phases that vary from person to person. (Schuchter and Zisook, 1993 in Stroebe, Stroebe and Hansson, 1993, p23).I agree with Servaty-Seibs observations the stage/phase approaches emerged solely from a death-loss focus Wordens work was an important development in the understanding of the process of coping adaptively with bereavement as each task is clearly defined in an action-oriented manner. (Servaty-Seib, 2004, 262, p1 25). Stroebe and Schuts dual process model brings together death-loss focus and task-based models. (Stroebe and Schut, 2001 cited in Servaty-Seib, 2004, 262, p125).In my work at Positive East, I work with human immunodeficiency virus+ gay men experiencing multi-layered loss. My philosophy is to habitus and maintain a therapeutic relationship within a safe, confidential, contained space where clients can explore their issues. The archetype working towards a model of gay favorable therapy (Davies and Neal, 1996, p24-40) provides me with a framework within which to explore gay culture and to apply an assenting approach to the work, which I believe promotes empathy and helps me to work in the best interests of the client.Conducting my own assessments, I complete a full client history, genogram and timeline, which provides a comprehensive insight into clients attachments and losses. It is important to acknowledge the social context within which multi-layered loss takes place (e. g. het erosexism, homophobia, human immunodeficiency virus-related stigma) as well as recognising that individual attachment styles may influence individual reactions to these losses and may also impact on the counselling relationship.Losses experienced by human immunodeficiency virus+ gay men include loss of identity, health, appearance, mobility, self-respect, career, financial security, relationships and impropriety. (Riggs, Vosvick and Stallings, 2007, 126, p922-936 Koopman, Gore-Felton, Marouf et al, 2000, 125, p663-672 Fernandez and Ruiz, 2006, p356). Corr, Nabe and Corr (1997) describe these losses as the cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to the impact of the loss. In identifying attachment styles in HIV+ adults, Riggs, Vosvick and Stallings (2007) found that 90% of gay and bisexual HIV+ adults recruited into their study demonstrated insecure attachment.They suggest the diagnosis of HIV produces a strong trauma reaction, impacting on adult attachment style. In the same study, they found that HIV+ straight person adults were more likely to be secure, whereas gay and bisexual adults were more likely to be fearful, preoccupied, avoidant or dismissing, respectively. This led them to conclude that gay and bisexual people must therefore contend with societal forces that their heterosexual counterparts do not.They hypothesise A diagnosis of HIV may be reminiscent of the coming out process, particularly with respect to concerns regarding stigma and disclosure, and thus may provoke similar fears about rejection by loved ones and society as a whole that contribute to greater attachment insecurity. (Riggs, Vosvick and Stallings, 2007, 126, p931). This is supported by Koopman, Gore-Felton, Marouf et al (2000) who cite attachment style as a contributing factor associated with the high levels of stress experienced by HIV+ individuals.They comment From this perspective, perceive stress is likely to be greater among HIV+ persons having a highly anxious attach ment style because their hypervigilance in interpersonal relationships leads to misinterpreting others behaviours as rejecting or critical of themselves. (Koopman, Gore-Felton, Marouf et al, 2000, 125, p670). This would suggest that HIV+ gay men with insecure attachment style may experience difficulties in developing and maintaining relationships, which, in turn, may impact on the therapeutic relationship.Additionally, according to Kelly, Murphy, Bahr et al Dependable and supportive attachments play a crucial role in adjusting to HIV infection. Lack of such attachments and social support has been shown to be a significant predictor of emotional stress among HIV+ adults. (Kelly, Murphy, Bahr et al, 1993, 123, p215-219). This has significant implications for the psychological well being of HIV+ gay men whom, considering their perceived attachment difficulties, may experience difficulties in forming such supportive relationships.In examining the suitability of the common grief models when working with this client group, I accept Copps criticism of the Kubler-Ross model for its focus on psychosocial dynamics to the exclusion of physical, and to a lesser extent, spiritual dimensions. (Copp, 1998, 282, p383). I also agree with Knapps criticisms of the staged/phased grief models espoused by Kubler-Ross and Murray-Parkes. Knapp observes while both of these models may be applicable to those experiencing a singular loss, neither model takes intoconsideration the multiplicity of losses rack upon the seropositive gay male population.These men experience overlapping losses, resulting in them being at differing stages with respect to different losses. (Knapp, 2000, 62, p143). Knapp offers a similar criticism of the Worden model in that task models fail to account for the continuity of loss in the lives of seropositive gay men. (Knapp, 2000, 62, p143), with which I also concur. In addition, all three models curb an end point, which suggests the completion of a cycle, thereby pre-supposing some sort of finality.These models are therefore limited in their application to my own work, since, as new losses take the place of old, my clients find themselves in a continual cycle of loss without the comfort of such an end point. Processing the loss of the pre-infected self and re-defining the HIV+ self often means working with the stage of identity vs role confusion in Eriksons (1965) psychosocial model. Additionally, where collaborationists stay together, a revisiting and re-negotiation of the adult stage of intimacy may be petitiond since intimacy is often disrupted and sometimes lost due to HIV infection.This stage is also revisited by clients where a partner chooses to end the relationship with a HIV+ partner. Working through the loss of the partner (usually due to fear of infection) as well as other significant relationships (usually due to HIV related stigma) is also key to the work. To support this work, I use the multi-dimensional grief model b y Schuchter and Zisook (1993), adopting four of their five dimensions emotional and cognitive responses emotional pain changes in relationships and changes in identity.(Schuchter and Zisook, 1993 in Stroebe, Stroebe and Hansson, 1993, p26-43).I have also used Wordens grief model in supporting a HIV+ client whose HIV infected partner committed suicide. This work is clearly demanding and is informed by the clients internal working model of self and other. Due to perceived stigma and fear of rejection, it is not unusual for the clients attachment behavioural system to be activated throughout the therapeutic relationship. Recent research highlights the mirroring of Bowlbys theory within such a relationship.Parish and Eagle (2003) and Sonkin (2005) draw attention to the manifestation of clients seeking proximity maintenance to the healer experiencing distress when the therapist is not available seeking a safe haven when in distress and using the therapist as a secure base. To cater for this, I strive to provide a secure base in therapy, ensuring I remain boundaried, punctual and professional, informing clients of any breaks and provide opportunities for clients to explore their anxieties. Clients in particular distress may also contact the agency, who in turn may contact me.My experience has taught me that clients with avoidant attachment styles take time to name trust in the therapeutic relationship. I have also found the avoidant attached usually need permission/re-assurance to grieve their losses, whilst the anxiously attached require permission/re-assurance to stop grieving their losses. I am cognisant that the therapeutic relationship promotes attachment yet at the same time acknowledge the conundrum in severing this attachment at the end of therapy. Ending sensitively is therefore crucial. I recognise that clients may develop co-morbid conditions such as alcoholic beverage and recreational drug abuse.In line with the BACP ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and self-respect (BACP Ethical Framework, 2007), I use supervision to monitor any emerging signs of such abuse, where a conclusiveness may be reached to refer these clients to external agencies or other, suitably experienced, internal counsellings. In assessing my strengths and areas for development, I am now much more aware of how early attachment experiences and internal working models impact on how clients process their losses as well as their potential impact on the counselling relationship and process.I have extensive experience of working with loss and bereavement, which is underpinned by my specialist training and practice at Positive East, as a bereavement counsellor with the Bereavement Service and as a counsellor providing support to those bereaved through homicide at Victim Support. I believe a healthy, secure attachment to a primary caregiver is necessary for a childs social, emotional and intellectual development. In turn this promotes the development of a healthy internal working model, disruption to which may lead to psychopathology in later life.Whilst the internal working model tends to persist through the life course, I believe it can be modified by divergent experiences, but acknowledge this change may be difficult. Whilst I have extensive experience of working with loss, I now appreciate how early formative attachments influence our reactions to such loss and how these reactions may impact on the therapeutic relationship. Popular grief models clearly fall short in addressing the multi-layered losses experienced by this client group, demanding instead the integration of what is currently available.The high level of insecure attachment style demonstrated in HIV+ gay men may be due in part to the unique challenges they face within the context of HIV related stigma and negative social experiences. Finally, I believe my knowledge of theory and sensitive application of skills has proved to be an effective strategy in working co mpetently, sensitively and safely with this client group. Nonetheless, I recognise the need for continuous professional development and aim to attend workshops on attachment and mental health and HIV during the summer.