How Can Internet Impact Their Life? Essay

Growing numbers of Americans have access to the Internet at work and at home. That is especially true for Internet veterans: 56% of the long wired1’ say they have access in both places, compared to only 32% of Internet novices who report access at work and at home. The Internet’s growing role in the workplace has translated to changes in the amount of time people spend doing work – whether it is at the office or at home. One in seven Internet users say their use of the Internet has resulted in an increase in the amount of time they spend working at home and one in ten say the Internet increases the time they spend working at the office (kutais 2002 138). Although the magnitudes here are not great, the Internet veterans report greater impacts. As the current time progress, the contributions of internet from the lives of a single individual to the entire community engage in complex approach (Anandarajan 2004 57; Bonilla 2004 88). The evolution of cyberspace provides interconnections to different cultures and traditions that somehow create a notion of monogamy in the ideations and concepts of every human civilization. Information and various socializations are easily facilitated through the use of web connections (Vogel 2007 247). The research involves the utilization of interview procedures in order to obtain probable effects and contribution of internet in the lives of American people. Literature Review The increasingly important role of the internet in users’ lives is also evident when it comes to money matters. These changes in some users’ perspectives are understandable. The initial excitement and fun of emailing a distant friend or family member is bound to make people at first herald the way the Internet enhances the feeling of closeness (Pogue 2006 121). Although the magnitudes here are not great, the Internet veterans report greater impacts (Robert 1994 13). Of those who have been online for more than three years, 21% report that the Internet has increased the amount of time they spend working at home, while 4% report it decreases the amount of time they spend working at home (Huber 2002 186). These veterans also report large impacts when it comes to spending time at the office, but the effects cut both ways. Eleven percent of veterans say the Internet has increased the time they spend at the office; 11% say it decreases time at the office. This compares with 10% of Internet users who report an increase in time spent at the office and 6% who report a decrease. The use of the Internet to find important information or carry out tasks also grew among their respondents. An average user in March 2000 had tried about 11 activities online, compared to an average user a year later who had performed about 14 activities online. They found that a year’s experience online results in a modest decline in the amount of time an average Internet user is online during a typical session. In March 2001, such a session lasted about 83 minutes, compared to 90 minutes for an average session the year before (Vogel 2007 248). There is great flux in people’s time spent online. Some Internet users are spending more time online, especially those who use the Internet at work and those who find new things to do online. Conversely, some are spending less time online and they tend to report that they don’t have as much time as before to be online. Some say they don’t find using the Internet as appealing as they did before. Internet users—veteran users especially—report that their use of email and the Web has changed the amount of time they spend watching TV, shopping in stores, and reading newspapers (Huber 2002 187). One-quarter of all Internet users say that the Internet has decreased the time they spend watching television, with fully one-third (31%) of veterans saying this (kutais 2002 138). The Internet has also prompted some users to spend less time reading newspapers; 14% say this, with 21% of Internet veterans reporting a decline in newspaper reading (Karin and Keller 1997 138). However, Internet users, and veterans in particular, are active online surfers for news, so they might be simply switching time with the paper to tame with the online version. As for elements of the Internet that bother people, spam emails lead the way (especially from marketers), and a substantial number of Internet users complain that they have received unwanted emails with sexual content (Vogel 2007 248). More than ten Internet users (44%) in March 2001 said that unwanted â€Å"spam’ emails were a problem for than, a large increase from 33% who said this in March 2000 (Winston 1998 64). Moreover, many reports getting so much spam that it is hard for them to get to the emails that matter to them . Most Internet users (56%) have received an email with adult content or advertising adult Web sites; 20% say this happens often (Bonilla 2004 88). In this report, the Pew Internet & American Life Project traces the same Internet users from one year to the next. In March 2000, they interviewed 3,533 Americans, inquiring if they used the Internet and if so, what they do when they surf the Web and use email to stay in touch with family and friends. In March 2001, they re-interviewed 1,501 of the people they talked with in their March 2000 sample. Throughout this report, they compare the answers they got in 2001 to the answers we got from the same people in 2000. This provides a rich picture of how people’s internet use changed over the course of a year. Matching the 1,501 people from their March 2001 survey to the previous year, 57% said they were internet users as of March 2001 – compared to the 46% of them who were internet users in March 2000. As we did in March 2000, they asked people how the Internet has affected the way they keep up with family and friends (Pittinsky 2003 99). The study probed whether and how often people go online for work-related tasks and they inquired into the kinds of activities people do online. Further, they pursued some new themes in March 2001, examining the impact of the internet on people’s time-use and looking into people’s feelings about some of the Internet’s possible â€Å"hassle factors† such as unwanted are emails (Huber 2002 188). Not only do we explore how peoples Internet use has changed in the aggregate between 2000 and 2001, they also examine how different kinds of users have changed their surfing patterns. A consistent finding throughout their reports is that the length of time a person has been using the Internet is a strong predictor of how often, person goes online and how much a user does on the Internet (Bonilla 2004 88). The longer a person has been online, the more likely he or she is to have surfed for health care information, sent an instant message, or purchased a product over the Internet (Huber 2002 187). To explore the impact of users’ experience levels more carefully, they compare the Internet’s veterans or the â€Å"long wired,† who have been online for more than three years as of March 2000, to â€Å"mid-range† users who were online for two to three years in March 2000, and â€Å"newcomers† who were online for a year or less in March 2000 . In analysis of these three categories below, when they refer to, say, newcomers in 2000 and newcomers in 2001, they refer to the same respondents and how their responses compared to what they told us in March 2000 (kutais 2002 140). For Internet users with access at work, four in nine (44%) say that the Internet improves their ability to do their job a lot The Internet’s long wired† users—those online for more than three years—report the greatest impact, with 55% saying the Internet has helped them at work a lot By a large margin, those veterans who say the Internet has improved how they do their job are men—fully 60%. The effect is less pronounced for those new to the Internet, with 36% of newcomers saying the Internet has helped them a lot on the job. Americans’ engagement with the Internet as a way to stay in touch with friends and family remains strong. In March 2000, 79% of Internet users said that they email members of their immediate and extended family, a number that grew to 84% a year later (Karin and Keller 1997 138) Seventy-nine percent of all Internet users said they email friends in March 2000, essentially the same as the 80% who said they email friends in March 2001. However, as some people gain experience online their perceptions of the Internet’s role in personal communication change (Vogel 2007 248). Fewer report that emailing is very useful for being in contact with family and friends and a notable number of email users cut back the frequency with which they email family and friends (Huber 2002 186). At the same time, they a bow a substantial increase in the use of email for serious communication, such as sharing worries and seeking advice. All this is in the context of people continuing to value the internet highly, 82% of veterans said that in 2001 compared with 68% who said it in 2000 (kutais 2002 140). Methodology Research Design The study is cross-sectional descriptive design since it studies variables of interest in a sample of subjects are assayed once and the relationships between them are determined. This is also used to examine and identify the cause and effect relationship of the dependent and independent variables. The main purpose of descriptive study is to observe, describe, and document aspects of situations. Furthermore, the design’s objective is to portray accurately the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur in the overall course of study. Sampling Criteria The sampling criteria of the respondents to be involved shall cover age, specifically 18 and above; with no racial and/ or gender categorization; and locale, specifically the Cambridge University College of Information Technology. Sampling Technique Random Sampling will be used in this study. The researchers will use simple random sampling since it is more appropriate and practical to use. This is a technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has a known, but possibly non-equal, chance of being included in the sample. Random Sampling is used to prevent the possibility of a biased or erroneous inference. The researchers will use this sampling method to reach a sample frame of at least 2,300 respondents with time frame of September to October 2005. Data Gathering Procedures Upon conducting the study, the initial step is to formulate the tool for evaluation, which includes an open-ended questionnaire: The researchers of this study must accomplish a written consent signed by the concerned locale administrations, significant officials, and the respondents themselves granted that the knowledge and coverage of the research are explained in full detail. The researchers will obtain the sample population guided by the criteria imposed for sample gathering. After which, the respondents shall be given a complete information guided by the standards proceedings of ethical matters. The researchers shall utilize the evaluation tool in order to obtain the set of answers facilitating homogenous perspective. The researchers will provide the interpretation and analysis on the quantitative data in hand. After which, the numerical data obtained shall be categorized into three criterion, namely satisfactory, average and unsatisfactory, in order to facilitate the comparison against the factors influencing the outcome. After which, the proceedings shall involve the tabulation and collation of the data gathered, determine factors and differences on the learning outcomes, and identify the point of views of the respondents. The tabulated data shall then be interpreted and analyzed in order to serve basis for the end conclusion of the study. Considering the previous studies and established norms, the study shall then provide implications associated to the previous research and study. Moreover, the study shall analyze the correlations of the data obtained in order to draw the leading factors that answers the problem statement on how internet affects the lives of the users. Discussion The impact of internet in the lives o human civilization can vary according to the culture and racial orientation as well as the modernization phase employed by the country; however, the settings are proven to be disregarded most especially the impact of internet engages the homogenous aspect of facilitating efficient and fastest means of communication. Hence, one of the impacts obtained from the methodological study is the use of email against the acquisition of knowledge through web-surfing utilizing search engines (kutais 2002 140). Apparently, the use of email has been one of the most prominent purposes of internet. In order to reach an individual from any other part of the world, communication usually takes day, but with internet, it only takes clicks for the message to be delivered. Such outcomes obtained from September 2005 implicate a significant increase from mid-2004 (Pogue 2006 121). The study shows that the use of search engines in June 2004 on a usual day has increase significantly from 30% to 41% of the population that utilizes internet, which evidently expanded from the data compared last year. Such outcomes implicate that the population utilizing search engines on a typical day increased from crudely 38 million in June 2004 to approximately 59 million in September 2005 – a shoot-up of approximately 55%. Such interpretation concludes that the utilization of search engines is clearly making its way to popularity than email, which affects greatly the usual pattern of day-by-day activities on any given day (Vogel 2007 249). On the other hand, the Pew Internet Project data implicates that on a usual day, the utilization of email is still the top internet activity (kutais 2002 140). Considering no specification of day schedule, approximately 52% of American internet users are sending and receiving email, up from 45% in June of 2004. Consistent with the finding that Internet users are less likely to email family members, the study found that a year’s time means that people are less likely to say that they communicate more with family members now that they use email. In March 2001, 56% of those who email family members said that they communicate more with others in the family now that they have email. This number fell to 46% in 2001. At the same time, people are somewhat more likely in 2001 to say that email has improved family relationship. In March 2000, 35% of Internet users said the Internet has improved family relationship. ; this number increased to 39% in March 2001. Again, this suggests that though frequency of contact may decline, the Internet positive impact on family relationships does not decline (Winston 1998 64). The story is similar, although the less pronounced, when people are asked about using email to communicate with friends. In March 2000, 92% of those who email friends said email was useful to stay in touch with friends, with 55% saying it was â€Å"very useful† In March 2001, 90% of people who email friends said email was a useful way to connect with friends; 52% said it was â€Å"very useful. † Long-wired Internet users are largely responsible for this decrease, with this class of Internet user being the only one in which a year’s time led to a decline in support for the idea that the Internet is a â€Å"very useful† way to communicate with friends. For connections to friends, 69% of March 2000’s Internet users said the Internet improved connections to friends â€Å"a lot† or â€Å"somewhat† and 65% said this in March 2001. The share of people saying the Internet improved connections to friends changed very little, going from 37% in 2000 to 35% in 2001 (kutais 2002 140). Within categories of users, again it was the veterans who recorded a notable decline in enthusiasm for this proposition. Similarly, people were somewhat less likely to say email has increased the amount of communication with friends, with 61% of them who email friends saying in March 2000 that email means they communicate with friends more often, compared to 54% saying that a year later. People’s emailing habits have changed in a year’s time, with the daily email to family and friends becoming less frequent. Accompanying this decline, however, has been a sharp increase in the use of email for important communications (Robert 1994 13). Many more people in 2001 report that they use email to get advice or share worries with those close to them. Some 12% of people who have ever emailed family members sent email to a key family member every day in 2001, down from 21% in 2000. Newcomers to the internet in 2000 had the starkest declines, suggesting a novelty effect wearing off. Similarly, about 13% of Internet users emailed a key friend on a daily basis in 2001, down from 17% in 2000. The weekly email is the staple for most Internet users, as about 50% of email users said they send electronic messages to family and friends once a week.

Theory Matrix

Many of his 14 points are process-driven, such as breaking down barriers between departments will lead to a reduction of waste, errors, and delay. His idea on constantly improving the system of production and service is customer-driven because it focuses on providing the best possible products to customers. Toyota Curran Focuses on parts of the organization, not whole. He also defined quality as â€Å"fitness for use†, and developed concept of cost of quality.Three basic steps to progress Ten steps to quality improvement The Curran Trilogy Saran's Praetor Principle Curran was an engineer and he firmly believed that quality does not happen accidentally, therefore all of his theories are process driven – organizations deed to determine who its customers are and plan for quality through every step of the process. Quality planning is the first stage of his trilogy and is basically aligning an organization's products and processes with customers' needs.Bausch & Lomb Chickasa ws He focused on user friendly quality control and emphasized the internal customer. Cause and effect diagram (fishbone diagram) Quality circles He emphasized on the internal customer, meaning that during each step in the creation of a product or service, the department will need to treat the ext department as a â€Å"customer†, so that quality is controlled at every step. This is how Jigsaw's method is process-driven because every process is tightly connected to the next.His quality requirement is customer-driven because he pushed for the concept of company wide quality control that called for continued customer service. He believe that management should not merely focus on improving a product's quality, and insisted that quality improvement can always go one step further. Nippon Telephone & Telegraph used quality circles. Crosby He coined the phrase â€Å"quality is free† and introduced the concept of zero defects. He also believed in team building approach that is o rganization wide.Four absolutes of quality management Idea of zero defects He believes in the process of educating the entire workforce about quality principles, so when each failure is well-documented, management can institute formal programs to redesign faulty production processes. His view of how quality is not some vague concept of â€Å"goodness†; you can't have quality that is good enough, he wants zero defect and it's customer driven because e said specifications must be set according to customer needs and wants. Glenn L. Martin Company (1912-1961) Figment He introduced the concept of total quality control, which has 40 steps.He promoted the idea of a work environment in which both management and employees have a total commitment to improve quality, and people learn from each others successes. Total quality control in 40 steps (also termed â€Å"company-wide quality control†), which was later known as Total Quality Management. It is process driven because he bel ieved that quality must be actively managed and have the usability at the highest levels of management, therefore, it is important that each employee does his part correctly so the whole process is correct, and quality might become nobody job.

Anselms Ontological Argument Essay

St Anselm (1033-1109) fame rests on his belief that faith is prior to reason: â€Å"I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this I also believe- that unless I believed, I should not understand†. Anselm employed his powers of reason in order to establish, by rational argument, the existence of God (Ally 2010:62). Anselm’s ontological argument When we are really thinking of something (and not merely uttering the associated verbal symbol), that thinking is our understanding (2010:63). Of course, we need not understand that it exists, for we may be thinking of something which we believe does not exist, or we may be thinking of something of whose existence we are uncertain (2010:63). But in any of these cases, if we are thinking of something, if we understand it, then it, and not something else, is in the understanding (2010:63). This point applies to our thoughts of anything including God (2010:63). However, in the case of God, we are thinking of a unique thing, for we are thinking of the greatest thing conceivable, the being â€Å"than which nothing greater can be conceived†( Stumph & Abel 2002:107). Now if a being exists in the understanding alone, it cannot be the greatest conceivable thing, for a being that exists in reality as well as in the understanding would be greater (2010:63). Consequently, since God is the greatest being conceivable he must exist in reality as well as in our understanding (2010:63). Or, to put it another way, if the greatest conceivable being exists in the understanding alone, then it is not the greatest conceivable being- a conclusion which is absurd (2010:63). Gaunilos objections Do we in fact have an idea of an absolutely perfect being? This was the question posed by Anselm’s contemporary, Gaunilo, who noted that the sceptic who is not convinced of God’s existence would not grant Anselm’s assumption that people have an idea of a most perfect being (2010:63). To this Anselm could have replied that he was not trying to convince sceptics that God exists, but to provide Christians with a rational understanding of Christian truth (â€Å"I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand†- Anselm 1987:225). In any case, he would have aintained that he could prove that people have an idea of a perfect being (2010:63). Anselm actually argues that we have various experiences of â€Å"degrees of perfection†- for instance, we experience some things as better or more beautiful than others (2010:64). We can make this kind of relative judgement only because we have a standard of comparison: the idea of absolute perfection (2010:64). It will be seen that the argument here turns on the question how can a finite mind transcend and reach an understanding of an infinite object? 2010:64). What a finite mind feels to be an intellectual grasp of an infinite object may be only an emotive response (2010:64). One ought to remind oneself of the need to distinguish between emotive understanding and the kind of meaning needed for philosophical communication (2010:64). So, although â€Å"most perfect being† has a powerful emotive meaning, has Anselm actually provided this phrase with of a meaning that enables us to discuss â€Å"the most perfect being† philosophically and unemotionally? (2010:64). Is existence indeed an added perfection? That is, is a being that exists necessarily greater (more perfect) than one that does not exist? (2010:64). Allowing that people have an idea of a most perfect being, does it follow that a being corresponding to this idea must exist? (2010:64). Anselm’s assumption is that existence is indeed an â€Å"added perfection† (2010:64). If existence is not an added perfection, there is no contradiction in allowing that the most perfect being exits only as an idea (2010:64). Just because I am thinking of a being, thinking of it as the greatest conceivable being, and thinking of it as existing necessarily, does not provide any evidence that there is actually such a being, for the thought of a necessarily existing being is one thing and necessarily being is another. Conclusion What is significant about Anselm’s attempt to prove God’s existence using reason alone is that it demonstrates the possibility of a distinct contrast between faith and reason (2010:65). Questioning such proofs inevitably raises issues about the relation between faith and reason (2010:65). Even in an age of faith, human beings could not get on without using their reason (2010:65). Clearly, they need to know where reason is appropriately used and where it should be set aside (2010. 65). They need a logical decision process that shows what a valid proof is (2010:65). If this decision process discloses that certain articles of the Christian faith cannot be proved, then they need a theological doctrine that shows how faith and reason are related at the point where reason leaves off and faith takes over (2010:65).

Wk 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Wk 3 - Essay Example Toyota overhauled its safety practices a few years ago after a spate of recalls for unintended acceleration resulted in a criminal penalty in March of $1.2 billion. General Motors has in recent past spent billions of dollars fixing recalled cars and setting up a fund to compensate ignition-switch accident victims and their families, the company has had to take extreme measures to restore trust in its products and management (Bapuji, 2012). In the period between 1999 and 2011, Toyota Motor Corporation had to recall some of its vehicles from the United States market in three instances. The first two instances came under the assistance of the U.S National Highway Traffic Safety Administration upon receiving reports a large number of vehicles from the company were experiencing unintended acceleration. The first recall was aimed at correcting a possible incursion. The second recall was due to a possible sticking of the accelerator pedal that led to unintended acceleration. The recall impacted negatively on the company as it came at a time when it was struggling from recession and it had also suffered from a decrease in sales in the previous year. The period was also marked by a low exchange rate of the U.S dollar against the Yen. This further led to loss of about 750 jobs at the company in its bid to lower its operating costs. The company may also have been economically affected by the recall as the damage to Toyotas reputation negatively affected the resale value of used cars. The company was able to overcome the situation by making the necessary correction on the recalled vehicles. It further ensured that the new cars that were in the production process were well checked and corrected so that they could not be recalled back. The United States government then allowed the sale of the company’s vehicles into the country after they had done all the necessary inspection to ensure that the problems were well taken care of. Another case of recall

Importance of Effective Communication To Elementary Teaching Essay

Importance of Effective Communication To Elementary Teaching profession - Essay Example If the teacher truly does want to create multivoiced classrooms, she/he needs to provide ways for all of the students to participate. One among is the effective communication of the teacher with the students. Communication apprehension (CA) has been defined as an "individual level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons" (McCroskey, 1977). The school environment can play a vital role in the prevention of CA and make the students feel as part of the team. Fisher (1995) describes a school classroom that encourages a sense of community: "For me, community in the classroom is the amalgamation of rigorous learning and caring about one another. Community is built through routines, procedures, and attitudes that evolve over time as the teacher and children develop trust in one another. The teacher can create community feeling in the students by creating a warm, easygoing climate in the classroom --helping students get to know one another at the beginning of the year --using drama and role-playing situations --having students speak to the class in groups or panels rather than individually --allowing students to work with classmates with whom they feel most comfortable --having students speak from their seats rather than from the front of the room --presenting students with oral activi

Food chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food chemistry - Assignment Example The process does not change fatty acid composition of the starting material, therefore, interesterified oil or blends are considered to be stable. The process makes the oils have a smoother melting point, improves plasticity as crystallization properties change. There also is an improved functional and nutritional property associated to interesterification (Armond, 1998). Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen across carbon-carbon multiple bonds and thus increases the saturation and the melting point. It is a process employed in the hardening of fats. In most cases, catalytic hydrogenation is utilised with nickel metal being the widely used catalyst. Three types of hydrogenation reactions are practiced. First is a light hydrogenation that reduces linoleic acid in soybean to produce oils with large shelf life. Second is extensive hydrogenation and third is partial hydrogenation. Partial hydrogenation involves the hydrogenation of some and not all double bonds present to be converted to single bonds. It is a complex process. Hydrogenation on heterogeneous catalyst is reversible and the double bonds remaining in the partially hydrogenated fat may have changed position and configuration. These affects melting point and has nutritional consequences (Frank, 2004; pg 146) Mohamed et al., (2012) developed functional fat from butter oil and moringa oleiferous oil (MOO) by interesterification. He seen a significant increase in oxidative stability with the increasing augmentation of MOO blends. From his study, he concluded that MOO and BO can be used in the formulation of functional and shelf stable fat. Vegetable oils and fats are known to be stable to oxidative rancidity, healthy and pose a low risk of coronary heart disease. In his study of oxidative stability, Mohamed et al. (2012) observed that peroxide levels at 100% augmentation of MOO were the lowest compared to levels at 50%. High peroxide

The Life of Oliver Cromwell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Life of Oliver Cromwell - Research Paper Example Cromwell became Cambridge’s Member of Parliament, in 1628. However, he did not make any significant development, during his tenure as a member of parliament. This is because his tenure did not last long when Charles I dissolved parliament and ruled alone for 11 years before the Bishops of the Scott forced him to recall parliament due to lack of money (Carlyle & Sanderson 67). Cromwell returned to parliament and served only for three weeks as a member of parliament for Cambridge. This was called â€Å"the short parliament† because it existed for only three weeks. A long-term parliament was elected that same year and Cromwell returned as a member for Cambridge. He was forced to table ridiculous petitions before the house such as that of the release of John Liburne, who was arrested for importing religious tracts from Holland, because he owed his position to the elite, in parliament. Cromwell also linked himself to a religious group, which contained members from both the H ouse of Lords and House of Commons. On behalf of this religious group, he also tabled a motion for the abolition of episcopacy, which was called the â€Å"Root and Branch Bill† (Carlyle & Sanderson 76).The only experience Cromwell had in relation to military matters was the band training. However, he recruited his own cavalry troop and blocked a valuable silver shipment that was meant for the king. This was after his troop gained a lot of recognition and was formally incorporated into the formal army. to form part of the Eastern Association during the winter (Gardiner 8). Cromwell continued to gain a lot of experience by winning a few battles such as the battle of Gainsborough, which made him appointed as the governor of Ely and colonel of the Eastern Association. He entered the English civil war on the side of the parliamentarians who were nicknamed the â€Å"Old Ironsides† or â€Å"Roundheads† to become one of the principle commanders, in the New Model Army (B ritannica Concise Encyclopedia). Here, he played a significant role in the defeat of the royalist forces at the battle of Marston Moor. Cromwell’s military strategies though he had not undergone through any form of training were exemplary. His ability to train and lead his men and the invention of the close order military formation with his troops riding knee to knee made it more difficult for opponents to penetrate them (Carlyle & Sanderson 46).

Civil Liberties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Steroids in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steroids in sports - Essay Example We have witnessed suspension of different players due to the reason that they were involved in taking steroids for enhancing their performance. The steroids are unhealthy for the body and can affect the human body in several ways, and this is the main reason why its usage is unethical. Steroids are illegal and banned in countries for different reasons, but it is still imported and produced illegally. Steroids are harmful for its users and it can badly affect their health. Regular use of steroids can also become a reason of liver cancer and can cause death of the patient (Murray, 1-25). Everyone loves sport, and people want to see ethical game. Mostly youngsters consider players as their role models and ideals, and when they see players taking steroids or drugs to improve their performance, it negatively affects them. The players usually take steroids in two different forms, either in the form of pills or in the form of injections. The physicians should take proper care before prescribing any drug or steroid to their patients. It can badly affect or harm their health. As use of steroid in countries, physicians should make sure that they avoid prescribing any such drugs to their patients at any cost. Steroids damage the skin of the users and internally damage the organs of the human being. It gives strength, muscles, and excessive power for the time being, after that, the players feels worse. These steroids also have side effects, and its users can die because of it. Players should consult doctors only for their fitness and health issues, and should strongly be against any drugs or steroids that can harm their health. Physician and doctors should take blood tests of their patients, so that even if the players are involved in taking steroids, they should stop them and take measures for preventing its usage. The use of steroids is an

Organizational Change Plan - Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Change Plan - Part II - Essay Example Some of the metrics that can be used to monitor the implementation process include the transformation of work processes through improved access to patient data and communication in the organization. The systems should provide the required transaction information. Some of the success factors for EMR implementation include the clarity of vision, the stakeholder commitment level, the effectiveness of change management teams, the leadership capability, the change communication strategies and the alignment of the EMR change management with the organizational culture. Organizational change plan- part II Introduction Electronic Medical records consist of several software applications that are integrated to input, store and output patient medical data and information (Rodrigues, 2010). EMR include the physician order entry, integrated communication systems with laboratories, decision support systems, and data entry systems. EMR increase efficiency of information access and enable standardiza tion of the medical information documentation (Carter, 2008). Physicians can easily access and review huge volumes of patient data on previous disease history, allergies, laboratory tests and medication administered. Electronic Medical record can be divided in to EMR standards that include the patient privacy and security issues, the EMR infrastructure that include the telecommunication systems (Rodrigues, 2010). The other parts of EMR includes the information content like summaries and health delivery history and change management that is concerned with acceptability of the system by the users and availability of a skilled workforce to efficiently utilize the EMR (Walker, Bierber, & Richards, 2006). The EMR will improve staff productivity since laboratory information can be easily accessed in the form of text, graphs and tables that are convenient to interpret. Data entry procedures are simplified and drug prescription tools in the system reduce the time required for medication ren ewals (Carter, 2008). EMR will provide decision support systems that will improve medical diagnosis, treatment and prescription. The system will also reduce the costs associated with test ordering and prescription since the patient medical data is readily available. The systems will support primary patient care through a disease management system due to a better understanding of the population health need trends overtime (Rodrigues, 2010). However, there are certain concerns or issues that may arise due to implementation of the EMR. Some of the issues include patient privacy of confidential information, the costs associated with implementation of the EMR and possible staff resistance of the change occasioned by EMR implementation (Carter, 2008). Some methods that can be used to monitor the implementation of the proposed change include random sampling of patients at predetermined intervals in order to monitor the efficiency in the health care delivery process (Carter, 2008). Another method of monitoring is the stakeholder analysis in order to assess whether the users and stakeholder needs have been attained. For instance, it is important to analyse the staff acceptability level and the level of motivation after the EMR implementation (Rodrigues, 2010). Documentation review can be used to ascertain whether the EMR systems are meeting the expected

School policies and procedures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

School policies and procedures - Essay Example In fact, most teachers have also formed a strategic plan of motivating students by rewarding them and building their positive attitude in the classrooms. In this case, this essay will talk in deep length about a certain school I happened to visit whereby they have established their own rule and procedures, which the students should follow as well as the consequences of not complying with the rules. Easily notable is the school rule on absenteeism. In that school, the rule explains with clarity the consequences of any student who violates the rule. It states that if a student happens to be absent, they are supposed to report and clarify to the teacher why they were absent for the whole day or partial day within three days after being absent. Either way, they are allowed to bring a note from their parents/guardian or a phone call explaining why they were absent. The student is also allowed to bring a doctors note if they were sick, failure to do so, the absenteeism is taken as an offense hence consequences follow. Therefore, students who do not comply with that rule are assigned to a five-hour Saturday school for a period of twenty days to compensate for the absenteeism. They can also be placed in-house suspension where they are not allowed to go beyond the school for a certain period as set by teachers. Students who repeat the same offense are placed on the attendance behavior contracts with their parents where the regional educational officers are also summoned. The second notable rule is meant to control fighting and use of vulgar words among students. In this rule, students are not required to fight each other either physically or verbally. Any student caught in this act is enrolled for counseling section that could either require the presence of the parents. In addition, during this section, the student may be put on suspension from the school for about two weeks depending on the

A Letter Format About the Advancements Essay Example for Free

A Letter Format About the Advancements Essay Dear Mr. Darwin, I am writing this letter to inform you of the current status of the finches you were so fascinated with what has changed since your visit, modern theories, and all of the currently identified species. First and foremost, I would like to tell you that your works and studies on the finches have become the most closely tied to you out of all of your other various studies. Modern-day scientists have become just as intrigued (if not more so) with the drab-colored little birds as you were. They show a great promise in explaining how evolution and natural selection works, and could easily be considered one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. Though the finches have not changed much in and of themselves since your last visit, much has been discovered about them that was not previously known. Although including all such discoveries in this text would be far too time and space consuming, I will inform you of some of the main changes below. Although you originally grouped all of the various types of finches into four genera, many modern-day scientists have decided that there are in fact six different genera: the Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactospiza, Platyspiza, Certhidea, and the Pinaroloxias. In addition, scientists have identified 14 species of finches, and there may be more scientists are still discovering things. Below I shall include a chart detailing the species in relation to the genera: Common Name Genus Species Small Ground Finch GeospizaFuliginosa Medium Ground Finch GeospizaFortis Large Ground Finch GeospizaMagnirostris Sharp-beaked Ground Finch GeospizaDifficilis Cactus Ground Finch GeospizaScandens Large Cactus Ground Finch GeospizaConirostris Small Tree FinchCamarhynchusParvulus Medium Tree FinchCamarhynchusPauper Large Tree FinchCamarhynchusPsittacula Woodpecker FinchCactospizaPallidus Mangrove Finch Cactospiza Heliobates Vegetarian FinchPlatyspizaCrassirostris Warbler Finch CerthideaOlivacea Cocos Island FinchPinaroloxiasInornata Although the above list is quite detailed, it doesnt include all of the various finches many are slightly different from the above species, but not so different as to count as a separate species. Many finches have similar coloration but slightly posses different beaks, or vice versa. It should also be noted that the above list only includes the finches discovered thus so far. There could very well be more finches that modern scientists are unaware of. The new species and genera are all new discoveries, and it is not certain whether or not they are newly evolved since your visit or simply hadnt been found by you. Either way, their discovery has helped the scientific world immensely in its attempt to understand evolution and natural selection. To draw a conclusion to this letter, I must once again congratulate you on your efforts all those many years ago they have helped to shape modern science, and have provided us with a greater understanding of the workings of the world. The world is indebted to you.

Impact Of Smuggling In The Philippines Economics Essay

Impact Of Smuggling In The Philippines Economics Essay Raymond Palatino (2008), reports The extent and impact of smuggling in the Philippines that Smuggling is a serious problem that hurts the country in many ways. It deprives government of revenues from uncollected taxes and customs duties. It affects local industries by distorting prices of commodities. Smuggling causes production slowdown, which leads to mass lay-offs, reduced consumer spending, bankruptcies, and lower tax collection. Smuggling has especially benefited from weak governance and chronic political instability. The author further added that when the government reduced the tariff rates on imported articles, many economists and merchants expected a decline in smuggling activities. They believed the tariff reduction would have discouraged illegal importation of goods since there will be fewer taxes to pay on the part of importers. But even with reduced tariff rates, smuggling persists up to this day. From used clothing to shoes, second-hand and luxury cars, agricultural products, garments, ceramic tiles and jewelries, cheap smuggled contraband are flooding the local market, which wipes out the earnings of small honest traders. The author compared the import-export data; Data show the disparity of import-export figures between the Philippines and its trading partners. In 2000, trading partners reported that they exported $45-billion worth of goods to the Philippines, but government figures registered only $34-billion worth of imports. This means that more than $10-billion worth of goods were unaccounted, undervalued or misdeclared. In 2002, China exported 3.9 million square meters of ceramic tiles to the Philippines, but only 600,000 square meters were recorded in the Bureau of Customs. The following year, 4 million square meters of ceramic tiles were exported to the Philippines, but only 300,000 square meters were recorded in the BOC. From January 2001 to June 2003, authorities confiscated a total of 1,517,387 bags of smuggled rice worth P1.18 billion. Since 2006, a total of 100,000 smuggled vehicles were shipped into Subic Bay Freeport. Last year (2007), 4 billion liters of oil were lost to smuggling. The author concluded that Smuggling clearly destroys the local economy and exacerbates poverty in the country as manifested by the closure of local industries, decline in agricultural production, uncompetitive agricultural products, loss of jobs, unfair competition, loss of government revenues, heightened corruption in the bureaucracy, and risks in consumer welfare. Milton Ayoki (2003), explained in his Paper The hidden costs of doing business in Uganda that the problem of smuggling has been particularly serious for goods like petroleum fuels, cigarettes, sugar and other highly taxed or potential revenue sectors such as steel, leather, wood, textiles, bicycles and chemicals as major deterrents. The author further added that apart from the huge revenue losses involved, smuggling is killing local businesses and causing great inequality and other effect is that illegally imported goods are steadily displacing some locally produced goods in the market place. This is adversely affecting both employment and profit margins in domestic industries. Luk Joossens (2003), written in his article Vietnam: smuggling adds value that Internal British American Tobacco (BAT) documents have been explicit about the knowledge of cigarette smuggling into Vietnam. 555 cigarettes is the major smuggled brand and there is no doubt it has a tremendous image and sales potential in the country. The author added that BAT documents describe in a detailed way the smuggling route for 555: cigarettes were produced in the UK, shipped to Singapore, sold to importers and traders in Cambodia, and then transported illegally across the border to Vietnam. Joossens argued that the industry has always claimed that smuggling is the result of taxes being too high. UNDP (1995) viewed the taxes on opium exports to the mainstay of Taliban income and their war economy. It revealed that Afghanistan-Pakistan drugs exports were earning some 50 billion rupees (US $ 1.35 billion) a year. Alongside the drug trade, the traditional Afghans smuggling trade through Pakistan and now the Gulf States, expanded under the Taliban, creating economic havoc for the neighboring states. This trade was estimated be the largest trade source of official revenue for the Taliban and generated an estimated US $ 3 billion annually for the afghan economy; UNDP disclosed that through the customs officials in Kandahar, Kabul and Herat refused to disclose their daily earnings, but with some 300 trucks a day passing through Jalalabad and Kabul to the north, daily earning were considerable. The illegal trade in consumer goods, food and fuel through Afghanistan crippled industries, reduced state revenues and created periodic food storages in all neighboring countries. The World Bank (1997) report on Afghanistan Pakistan Trade Relations as a part of its watching brief strategy for Afghanistan, accounts for the total trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan at $2.5 billion in which the unofficial re-export from Afghanistan to Pakistan has the loins share. The study assessed that the long and porous border between the two countries, the need for basic goods in Afghanistans warn-torn economy, weak border controls, high import tariffs in Pakistan on goods prone to smuggling and the low cost risks were important reasons behind the large and growing unofficial trade between the two countries. This report further added that there was an evidence of expansion of official and unofficial trade in locally produced goods between the two countries, which was likely to increase substantially if there was peace and post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan. In Pakistan, the imports competing industries have been harmed. The study also estimated that the government of Pakistan had been loosing substantial revenues due to tax evasion and fungibility of routes through which un-official imports enter the country. Rashid (1999) in his book Taliban, recorded that the smuggling trade to and from Afghanistan became the most devastating manifestation of the losses being sustained by the government of Pakistan during the Taliban regime. According to him, this trade, which now extends to central Asia, Iran and Persian Gulf, represented a crippling loss of revenues for all these countries, but particularly Pakistan, where local industry has been decimated by the smuggling of foreign goods. Rashid elaborates further, What is euphemistically called the afghan transit trade (ATT) has become the biggest smuggling racket in the world and has enmeshed the Taliban with Pakistani smugglers, transporters, drug barons, bureaucrats, politicians, police and army officers. This trade became the main source of official income for the Taliban even as it undermined the economies of neighboring states. Rashid also points out that the border post between Chaman, in Balochistan province, and Spin Boldak, in Afghanistan, is a prime location for watching the rackets at work. His estimates accounts for 300 trucks crossing from Afghanistan to Pakistan on a good day. The goods which these trucks carry, have no invoice and cross up to six international frontiers without having route permits, driving license or passports. The consignments on these trucks range from Japanese camcorders to English under-wear and Earl gray tea, China silk to American computer parts, Afghan heroin to Pakistani wheat and sugar, East European Kalashnikovs to Iranian petroleum and nobody pays custom duties or sales tax. Inter press service, a news agency (2001), found Indian drugs to have found ways to Pakistani markets, adding yet another dimension to the cross border illegal trade to and from Afghanistan. The agency named aspirin, Amoxiline, Ampiciline, Corimaxazole, Laxotanill, Cyprafloxine, Renitidine, Fametidine and Cemedtidine to be selling in prominent medicines shops of the province. The agency further disclosed that unlike the settled areas, where the sale of Indian drugs was banned and those found guilty of conduct were liable to severe penalties, the tribal areas were quite immune to such repercussions. Like all other duty free smuggled goods, Indian drugs were evaluated by the agency to be 10 times cheaper than the drugs of the same brand and effect, produced by multinational companies (MNCs) in Pakistan. Citing reasons for this price disparity, the agency added that unlike India, where the MNCs were bound to use raw materials from India, the government of Pakistan allowed them to import raw materials from their parent countries which entailed heavy tariff duties. Similarly, quoting the findings of international regional office for Asia and pacific, the agency counted 26 commonly consumed drugs to have very high prices in Pakistan as compared to India. The agency while discussing the transportation of drugs, revealed that along with other goods, Indian drugs were smuggled into Afghanistan, to Pakistans tribal areas and then finally to Peshawar. The report also disclosed that Afghanistan received thousands of US dollars worth of medicines, each month, from Indian, under a bilateral agreement, but some unscrupulous agencies in Kabul were apparently making huge profits from selling them in tribal areas. The report further discovered that due to the mutual collusion of the MNCs, health department functionaries, and other government officials, the measure of the government to import drugs from china, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Poland and Yugoslavia to counter the smuggled and low priced Indian drugs, has miserably failed. Awan (2001) put the Pakistan bound transit goods to Afghanistan at Rs 14.97 billion during 1998-99. Prominent among these goods were safety razors, worth Rs 120 million, cosmetics Rs 150 million, minerals water, Rs 200 million, electronics worth Rs 300 million and telephone sets worth 160 million. The report pointed out that this trade, which has been conducted for the last 50 years, fetched billions of rupees to the tribal traders, related to the afghan counterparts and as much to the Pakistani customs and other law enforcing agencies, who facilitated this black trade. Awan also disclosed that previously, for decades, these Afghanistan bound transit goods were leaked into Pakistani markets before reaching Afghanistan. Owing to strict regulations imposed on the transit trade, it was very recently that the Afghanistan bound goods, at least, started crossing the border and then re-exported illegally to Pakistan. Awan pointed out that due to the high financial stakes of various interest groups, law, customs and state machinery have lost their efficacy. Keeping the adverse fall out of the abuse of afghan transit trade agreement on the industrial sector of Pakistan, Awan suggested that other neighboring countries with sea-coast should also shoulder the responsibility of transit facilities to Afghanistan. The News, in its march 2, 2002 issue, reported that there has been an unprecedented increase in the smuggling of tea, spices and other utilities, through the afghan transit trade, during the last two years. This rise has been attributed to the massive under-valuation of these items at the countrys dry ports, especially Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Quetta and in other cities, which were basically established for providing facilities to the local traders at their door steps. The report added that these smuggled items are now openly sold at the Jodia bazaar, the traders from various parts of the country have opened their offices, which deal exclusively in smuggled items, mostly tea and spices through Quetta dry port into the city the dry ports established in various parts of the country have become a major source of smuggling, mis-declaration, under-invoicing, tax evasion and theft, detrimental to the government treasury, it alleged. The repot revealed that since 1988, the smugglers switched to smuggling of eatable products as they found this proposition to be highly lucrative. The smuggling of items originates from Dubai, via port Bandar Abbas in Iran, to Afghanistan and ends up into Pakistan. Probing the matter, the report discovered five percent increase in the custom duty during the 2001 budget, plus the total tax increase of 70 percent, to be the main reasons for the rise in smuggling. Daily Aaj, on 16 July, 2009 reported that during the year 2008-09, eight hundred million kg of tea is smuggled into the country, only 4.9 million kg smuggled tea is less then from the total imported tea. This year government losses Rs 5 billion in shape of tax evasion due to smuggling of tea. Through reliable sources, Afghan Transit Trade (ATT) is the main source of tea smuggling in the country. The total import of tea was 10 million kg during the period of July 2007 to June 2008. This was imported in one year from Kenya about 53.9 % while in previous year that was 61% from the same country. Which was 7% dropped in tea imports.

Literature Review On Swimming Physical Education Essay

Literature Review On Swimming Physical Education Essay As in many sports, swimming technique is most important to performance. The smooth and perfect in the process of movement, whether stroking through the water, lifting weights or swinging a club, relates to enhanced performance and decrease in change of injury. (Riewald 2003). To swim fast, a swimmer must engage in a constant battle of trying to maximize the propulsive force he experiences. Swimmers adopt many different techniques in an attempt to accomplish this feat; sometimes these techniques are good, other times not so good. Technique also plays a role in injury prevention, as poor mechanics often place stresses on joints and structures in the body that they were not meant to handle. (Riewald 2003) 2.2 Components of Swim Performance The factors that can influence swimming performance can be classified into three categories which are the psychological factor, physiological and biomechanical factor. The psychological is the main factor that contributes to swim enhancement of performance. The field of physiological and biomechanical also makes up a huge portion to influence swim performance. These complex areas are important to be study in order to establish a meaningful relationship of speed and power in swim performance. 2.3 Physiology of Swimming For the past 30 years, the physiology of swimming has been explored extensively. Many areas of the physiology contribute to several studies. Swimming, like other forms of exercise, involves the muscle contraction that results in a desired motor output. In order to produce a movement, skeletal muscles must stimulate via nervous impulse. Muscular contraction causes by this impulse. While the movement of the joint results from the muscle pull on bone structures. In swimming, these movements if often occur especially among competitive swimmers (McArdle 2003). The studies of physiology on competitive swimmers become popular after the 1960à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (Lavoie, 2004). The study begins to focus on association between energy expenditure and velocity. At that time, it belief that a exponential relationship existed within energy cost and swimming velocity. Later, Montpetit (2001) discover that this is actually a linear relationship. Lacour (2003) reported that the energy cost of swimming is closely depended on swimming technique, body size, swimming velocity and level of performance. It concludes that as resistance increases, swimming velocity will also increase. This major discover demonstrates that the importance to overcome resistance physically over a given distance in a certain period of time. Nervous system and muscular force is other physiological factors that important to swimming performance. The nervous system plays an important role in swimming performance because it helps to determine how quickly and forcefully a movement takes place. It is also the precursor of the movement. As a swimmers practice the same movement repeatedly, it become an adaptation and the movement pattern is remembered by the brain. The result or the end of the practice is an increase in the efficiency of the movement. Due training, it can improve the force of movement by causing an increase in the recruitment of motor units (Katch 2006). The larger motor units recruited, the more muscle fibers will be contracted. Contracting muscle fibers will increase systematically as the muscle force increases. Training can cause increased innervations to a group of muscles which can improve speed of contraction and recruitment of muscles (Maglischo 2003). Proper nervous stimulation and size of the muscle will produce the muscular force. Specific type of training can cause increase the size of the muscle or better known as hypertrophy and thus more powerful strength can be produce via motor output. This absolute strength is determined by its cross sectional area (Zatsiorsky 2005). The larger the muscle, the greater the force produced. However, increase in the muscle size and muscle mass also can have adverse effects on biomechanical of the swimmer which by the increasing contractile force at certain level. It is a serious matter to look upon when considering the training especially to the competitive swimmers, to well known of how much strength that increases will be beneficial and not beneficial to them. Since the two components of power are strength and speed, it is vital focus to improve strength in order to create potential of more power. 2.4 Biomechanics of Swimming Biomechanics is interesting area of study because this area of study shows much potential to enhance the swim performance. 10% increase in swimming technique provided increase over a range of performance rather than maximal aerobic and anaerobic power (Toussaint and Hollander 2004). Toussaint and Beek (2002) reported that the success for competitive swimmers relies on swimmers aptitude to produce force and to decrease resistance which to encountered during forward movement in the water. Logically, water is denser than air. Therefore, swimmers will encounter more resistance when attempting the movement. Besides that, as the rate of velocity decreases, there is a proportional decrease in the resistance of the water. Resistance of the water is at the top area of the swimmers that against water as the body move through it. Drag, is the motion of resistance to the swimmers. (Malinlisho 2003). There are two type of drag which are passive and active drag. Passive drag is described as the resistance on the swimmers body in a static position (Chatard 2000). While active drag is the resistance of water that against the moving body. Measurement of the active drag is reported slightly higher than passive drag (Kolmogorov, Rumyantseva, Gordon Cappaert 2007). It is important to note that of the two types of drag, passive drag cannot be altered and it is constant speed, but increases a higher velocity. Passive drag is an important factor in the speed of the swimmer from a start or a turn off of a wall. The less passive drag a swimmer has, the more slowly they will lose momentum. Passive drag is related to the frontal surface area of an individual. Passive drag has been reported to be a factor that can contribute to the prediction of swimming performance (Chatard and Lacour 2000). Velocity of swimming has been associated with drag, power input and power output (Toussaint Beek 2002). Active drag can be modified on efficiency based on technique of swimming action (Toussaint 2002). Clarys (2003) stated that predominant factor in active drag was the swimming technique. It also stated that measurements of active drag on elite swimmers are lower than non- elite swimmers. While study by Kolmogorov (2007) reported that active drag for freestyle was less compared to breastroke swimming. It also reported that mechanical power output for skilled swimmer is lesser than mechanical power output in less skilled swimmers. This assumed because of the cost of swimming for an elite swimmer is much lower than a non-elite swimmer. The more biomechanically efficient a swimmer is, the less energy requires swimming at faster rate of speed (Toussaint 2002). Further, as increase in velocity, the resistance of the water will also increase. Swimmers with more active drag have to produce more force on the water to go a certain speed and vice versa. (Maglischo 2003). The level of the athletes, anthropometric measures, velocity and swimming efficiency are related to the cost of swimming. These costs are similar either in men neither women that given similar relative measures (Chatard 2001) Chatard (2000) also stated that passive drag is determining by the frontal body area which can influence performance. Other factor that is related to the biomechanics of swimming is the length of the swimmer. Larsen, Yanchen and Baer (2000) reported that, having length is one of the reasons why successful competitive swimmer is taller in height compared to others. Length of the swimmer will lesser their drag in the water. Further, successful swimmers achieve greater distance per stroke than less skilled swimmers (Craig 2005). Distance per stroke and stroke rate somehow is controlled by swimming velocity. Distance per stroke is best defined as the distance traveled in the water by a swimmer with each arm pull. And stroke rate is frequency of how fast the arms can move. Faster swimmers in freestyle had a longer distance per stroke and maintaining a slower stroke rate (Craig and colleagues 2005). An experience swimmer can control their speed by maintaining certain distance per stroke in increasing stroke rate or in maintaining stage. It has been described above that the length of a swimmer having less drag is apparent with the longer distance per stroke also spent more time with their arms outstretched. This action will influence drag for a short period of time due to increase of the swimmer length. Furthermore, it is important to know that power is an important determinant in enhancement of swimming performance. There are two components of power which are the speed and force. Swimmer will not have the ability to produce as much force on water if they move their arms too quickly. It clearly shows the relationship between stroke rate and the optimal distance per stroke. 2.5 The Relationship of Power to Swim Performance Power is classified as one of five determinants of swimming performance, and the others are metabolism (power input), drag, propelling efficiency and gross efficiency (Toussaint 2002). Specifically, power can be defined as Power = Force x Velocity (Harman 2004). Many investigators have noted the importance of power that demonstrated a positive relationship between power and sprint swim performance (Bradshaw Hoyle, 2003). Christensen and smith (2007) reported that power measured is a significant contributor to swimming performance and that sprint speed that is related to stroking arm force. Sprint swimming performance influences by the ability to produce power in an efficient manner and utilization of power specifically in the swimming action. (Costill 2003). Costill (2005) later discover that improvements in swimming were found strongly related with power production, both in measures of power in the water and on land. Sharp (2006) suggested that the ability to produce power plays a positive role in swimming performance if swimmer undergo specific training that can increase power. The peak swimming power is significantly correlated with sprint swimming velocity (Boelk 2007). Powerful Swimmer is often faster (Malischo 2003). He suggested that swimming with specific training technique will increase power. These technique, are performing in short duration with high intensity bouts of swimming where the focus on producing the most powerful movement with the correct form. For some swimmers, power training may be beneficial and most important type of training (Bompa 1993). He concludes this by establishing a relationship between power and the importance of being able to maintain the increased power throughout the race. 2.5 Methods to Increase Power Plenty types of training that can be employed to improve power. Most of the swim coaches use specific swimming exercises, such as all-out sprints for a short distance to improve swimming power (Maglischo 2003). Other types of training that have shown increased power production include dry land exercises such as weight training and plyometric training (Bompa 1993). In contemporary swim training, the training program for competitive swimmers often includes dry land exercises. In comparison to the load during actual swimming these exercises should provide a greater resistance to the working muscles and hence increase maximal power output more effectively. However, as indicated earlier, the body adapts to adequately cope with the specific forms of exercise stress applied. This adaptive process is rather specific requiring for example that movement pattern during the strength training is similar to that during competitive swimming. It is known for quite some time that the movement patterns of the different swimming strokes are difficult to reproduce outside the water and thus any training effect may only partially, if at all, carry over to the competitive performance (Toussaint 2007) Propelling muscle is where the power output delivered by swimmer. In this propelling muscle, mechanical power are converted from the aerobic and anaerobic power input. (Toussaint and Beek 1992)

Essay --

Technology and People Technology has created a world of its own covering all the old traditions and machines. This technology has made remarkable changes in the human life by making it more and more comfortable and in other words paralyzing the human body except brain. All over the world, computers and computerized machines are performing the tasks and human are only their users or programmers. Tradeoff is a somehow a term used normally at business level. Its original meaning can be exchange, substitute or transaction. It means that tradeoffs have made many differences in many fields. Now, the manual labor has been exchanged by the computerized systems. And the locomotion was done on or through animals in the past; fashionably designed cars have substituted them. Aero planes, helicopters and large ships now substitute big animals like camels that were used to travel between different countries. So, tradeoff is basically used for substitution of anything, in other words, the substitu tion of manual work into technological work. Here we will discuss the two major technologies that have changed a lot of things and the way of living. Computers (Positive consequences) Computers and computerized technology have brought a revolution in the world. It has made our world a global village by interconnecting all of us together through Internet. There seems to be no difference between America and Asia or Europe and Africa now. Since 1980, a huge variation is seen in the different fields of life. These changes can be identified from daily life activities to big projects. Of course, these new developments have also opened many new ways for people to get into work. For example, we have now laundry systems, home delivery systems, letter writi... ...ch use of labors is left. The work that has been done by 10 workers before can only be handled by a single machine and with perfection. Day by day, new advancements are made thus by making the use of a man more and more less. People can get everything now by Internet or just by making phone call. A truck can take a large amount of material at a time and it can be loaded and unloaded by using lifting machines. Similarly, the planes have made the transportation fast and flawless and the use of labor is also decreased there. Conclusion In end, I would like to say that ‘To gain something is to lose something’, we now have advance life level with lots of comforts but we also have serious health problems that running side by side. But it’s in our hands and we can stop the negative affects if there are given serious thoughts as most important are the humans not machines.

Dissociative identity disorder :: essays research papers

The growing recognition of psychiatric conditions resulting from traumatic influences is a significant mental health issue of the 1990s. Until recently considered rare and mysterious psychiatric curiosities, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (until very recently known as Multiple Personality Disorder - MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD) are now understood to be fairly common effects of severe trauma in early childhood, most typically extreme, repeated physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse. In 1994, with the publication of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was changed to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), reflecting changes in professional understanding of the disorder, which resulted largely from increased empirical research of trauma-based dissociative disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), widely accepted as a major mental illness affecting 9-10% of the general population, is closely related to Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD). In fact, as many as 80-100% of people diagnosed with DID (MPD) also have a secondary diagnosis of PTSD. The personal and societal cost of trauma disorders [including DID (MPD), DD, and PTSD] is extremely high. For example, recent research suggests the risk of suicide attempts among people with trauma disorders may be even higher than among people who have major depression. In addition, there is evidence that people with trauma disorders have higher rates of alcoholism, chronic medical illnesses, and abusiveness in succeeding generations. What Is Dissociation? Dissociation is a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. During the period of time when a person is dissociating, certain information is not associated with other information as it normally would be. For example, during a traumatic experience, a person may dissociate the memory of the place and circumstances of the trauma from his ongoing memory, resulting in a temporary mental escape from the fear and pain of the trauma and, in some cases, a memory gap surrounding the experience. Because this process can produce changes in memory, people who frequently dissociate often find their senses of personal history and identity are affected. Most clinicians believe that dissociation exists on a continuum of severity. This continuum reflects a wide range of experiences and/or symptoms. At one end are mild dissociative experiences common to most people, such as daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or "getting lost" in a book or movie, all of which involve "losing touch" with conscious awareness of one's immediate surroundings. Dissociative identity disorder :: essays research papers The growing recognition of psychiatric conditions resulting from traumatic influences is a significant mental health issue of the 1990s. Until recently considered rare and mysterious psychiatric curiosities, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (until very recently known as Multiple Personality Disorder - MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD) are now understood to be fairly common effects of severe trauma in early childhood, most typically extreme, repeated physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse. In 1994, with the publication of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) was changed to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), reflecting changes in professional understanding of the disorder, which resulted largely from increased empirical research of trauma-based dissociative disorders. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), widely accepted as a major mental illness affecting 9-10% of the general population, is closely related to Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD) and other Dissociative Disorders (DD). In fact, as many as 80-100% of people diagnosed with DID (MPD) also have a secondary diagnosis of PTSD. The personal and societal cost of trauma disorders [including DID (MPD), DD, and PTSD] is extremely high. For example, recent research suggests the risk of suicide attempts among people with trauma disorders may be even higher than among people who have major depression. In addition, there is evidence that people with trauma disorders have higher rates of alcoholism, chronic medical illnesses, and abusiveness in succeeding generations. What Is Dissociation? Dissociation is a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. During the period of time when a person is dissociating, certain information is not associated with other information as it normally would be. For example, during a traumatic experience, a person may dissociate the memory of the place and circumstances of the trauma from his ongoing memory, resulting in a temporary mental escape from the fear and pain of the trauma and, in some cases, a memory gap surrounding the experience. Because this process can produce changes in memory, people who frequently dissociate often find their senses of personal history and identity are affected. Most clinicians believe that dissociation exists on a continuum of severity. This continuum reflects a wide range of experiences and/or symptoms. At one end are mild dissociative experiences common to most people, such as daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or "getting lost" in a book or movie, all of which involve "losing touch" with conscious awareness of one's immediate surroundings.

Essay --

The story of Prophet Muhammad is the best story of all. Prophet Muhammad is the one who had the changed the world around him and had the greatest influence for the people during his time and in today’s world as well. He puts other people welfare before his own; he values other people importance before his own. These values of him made people to loved and respected him for his dedication and honesty to the society. As an Islam’s founder, some people claimed that Prophet Muhammad is a reformer while others claimed him as a revolutionary. Before I make any further argument, let’s first define what’s the difference between a reformer and revolutionary. First of all, I believe a reformer is a person who makes changes in something such as a practice or political issue in order to improve what they already have to be better. Meanwhile, a revolutionary is a person who is either actively involved or advocates revolution. Thus, here I will argue that Prophet Muhamm ad is a reformer instead of a revolutionary. According to Hart (1992), he believed that Prophet Muhammad is the most influential individual in the world and he was the only man in the history who had achieved a lot of success in both sacred and profane matters. He also puts Prophet Muhammad at No. 1 on the list among top 100 ranking of the most influential persons in the history. Prophet Muhammad was born in 570 C.E., in the city of Mecca, in the southern of Arabia. When Prophet Muhammad was forty-years-old, he was convinced that the God (Allah S.W.T.) was communicating with him through Archangel Gabriel and he was chosen to be The One to spread Islam to the people. At the beginning, he advocated only to his close friends and fellow associates. Only by about 613 C.E., Prophet... ... was done without any extra charges or taxes and it was also has to been voluntary and can’t be forced. As the conclusion, I believe that Rasulullah S.A.W. was indeed the savior of the mankind. He showed and guided us on how to solve the problems of humanity from women and children to slaves, the poor, and even to orphans. That was to establish the message from God (Allah S.W.T.) and to save us from the hot fire of Hell after our death. Therefore, it is important for us to read and understand the Al-Qur’an and read the messages of Prophet Muhammad for the success in both lives on earth and the life after death. Moreover, the Prophet also took the brutal tribal system where the rights are not equal to everyone especially to women, children and the poor, and he reformed it into a system where everyone received the same and equal amount of opportunity and chances.

Moscow Communist Party

Boris Yeltsin proved to be an invincible leader. In the year 1985 he was made the first secretary to the Moscow Communist Party by President Mikhail Gorbachev. In the succeeding year he was elected to the Politburo. Subsequently, he was made the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. In June 1991, he became the first elected president to Russia. His efforts at separating the Commonwealth of Independent States secured complete independence for Russia. Yeltsin faced several administrative setbacks and his economic and market reforms resulted in unrest and parliamentary disagreement.In November 1993 internal conflicts in parliament led to the seizure of the Russian Parliament Building. Subsequently, he emerged victorious and obtained greater presidential powers. Yeltsin faced serious health problems, he had to frequently shuffle cabinet members and he had to countenance the armed conflict in Chechnya. Nevertheless, he was re – elected in 1996 (Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In Andromeda Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History). Boris Yeltsin strongly believed in the socialist ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the CPSU.The party’s ideals of economic progress and social equality had made him to join the CPSU in the year 1961. Gradually Yeltsin gained in importance in the party and became a member of the construction department of the party’s Sverdlovsk Oblast committee in the year 1968. His rise in this department was remarkable and by the year 1975 he became the secretary of the committee. In 1976 Boris Yeltsin was appointed the secretary of the Sverdlovsk Oblast committee by Leonid Brezhnev. This position enabled him to procure membership of the CPSU’s Central Committee in 1981.He became an important leader in the CPSU and openly criticized perestroika or the political reforms introduced by Gorbachev. Later on Yeltsin followed Gorbachev’s policies, in order to reduce strained relations with the Western na tions (Colton). President Yeltsin’s foreign minister was Andry Kozyrev favored a Western alliance. However, the Russian foreign policy did not change. Boris Yeltsin encountered his western counterparts on several occasions during international summits. He maintained friendly relations with US presidents George H. W.Bush and Bill Clinton. He solicited US backing in international platforms such as the International Monetary Fund. Yeltsin was friendly with the European economic giants. Accordingly he maintained cordial relations with Helmut Kohl the Chancellor of Germany and leaders of France and the United Kingdom (Colton). Yeltsin was disinterested in NATO’s plans and he reluctantly acceded to its proposals to admit former non – Soviet bloc countries. In the year 1999 the NATO waged a war against Yugoslavia. This measure resulted in strained relations with Russia.Subsequently, Yeltsin terminated all relations with NATO and this served to isolate Russia. However, Russia did not assist Yugoslavia to fight with NATO. Yugoslavia was compelled to agree to NATO’s proposals and had to accept foreign occupation of the Kosovo Province. Yeltsin ensured that Russia was included in the joint forces that occupied Kosovo. He made attempts to make an ally of China in Russia’s battle against the supremacy of NATO, further trade practices and mutual cooperation with China flourished in his era (Colton).The economic and market reforms implemented by Yeltsin were opposed by the parliament. In 1993 the free market reforms created internal conflicts and military intervention had to be resorted to, in order to control the situation. Yeltsin was successful in these military operations. During the period 1994 to 1996 the Chechnya crisis developed and Yeltsin’s response to it invited international criticism. Moreover, the parliament was dominated by communist members who opposed and disagreed with him.His power commenced to decline due to his i ll health and much of his authority was transferred to the parliament owing to the constitutional conflicts of 1998, which emerged due the serious financial crisis. Despite these setbacks, Yeltsin reclaimed his powers by dissolving the government four times in the period 1998 to 1999. In May 1999 the parliament made an abortive attempt to impeach him. Eventually, he submitted his resignation on the 31st of December 1999 and Vladimir Putin succeeded him (Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia).Boris Yeltsin had supported the Baltic States for independence. In order to achieve this he emphasized that there should be fundamental and radical reforms. Yeltsin relinquished his CPSU membership and contested in the presidential elections. He was elected president of the RSFSR or Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Yeltsin had always demanded autonomy for the member republics of the federal USSR. He also persuaded the Russian parliament to enact legislations to give the republic’s laws precedence over the laws of the Soviet parliament.The congress bestowed emergency powers upon Yeltsin, which permitted him to rule by decree. This made him a popular president. After the futile coup, in 1991, against President Gorbachev, Yeltsin condemned the acts of the usurpers and demanded his reinstatement (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Yeltsin’s leadership capability was severely tested during the economic crisis and subsequent deterioration of conditions in Russia. In September 1993 a coup attempt was made against him by the leaders of parliament, which was defeated.The conservative political parties won the December elections and this unexpected victory forced Yeltsin to review his economic policies (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Yeltsin was criticized for taking the military initiati ve in Chechnya. Although, a peace treaty was entered into with Chechnya in May 1997, the war did not stop. Yeltsin dissolved the entire cabinet in March 1998, which surprised both Russia and the Western nations. He also appointed the fuel and energy minister Sergei Kiriyenko to the post of the prime minister of Russia.The Kiriyenko led government faced a major economic crisis, because of the sudden devaluation of the ruble in 1998. In the month of August in the same year, Yeltsin dismissed both Kiriyenko and the government. Yeltsin tried to appoint Viktor Chernomyrdin as the prime minister, but the Duma, which was dominated by communist members, rejected Chernomyrdin’s candidature for prime minister. This compelled Yeltsin to nominate Yevgeni Primakov as the prime minister. Subsequently, in May 1999, Yeltsin dismissed Primakov and his government.Yeltsin took this decision following a debate, in the Duma, as to whether Primakov was to be allowed to continue or Sergei Stepashin was to be made the acting prime minister. He appointed Stepashin as the acting prime minister after impeaching Primakov. The Duma approved of Yeltsin’s actions and confirmed Stepashin as the prime minister. However, Yeltsin was criticized all over the world for his failure to resolve the crisis in Chechnya (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas).Yeltsin tried to continue the process of reforms but the conservative members of parliament opposed his initiatives. In order to evaluate the public’s attitude towards him, a referendum was conducted in 1993 in which he received a significant number of the votes. This prompted him to propose a new Russian constitution (Hough). Incidents like the confrontation with the hard core conservatives, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and an armed conflict in which the Moscow parliament building was shelled, rendered Yeltsin’s political position very powerful.However, there was growing opposition towards him and economic instability and the war in Chechnya made it very difficult for Yeltsin. He emerged victorious but his ill health prevented him from participating in active politics. Yeltsin used to take sudden decisions, which would cause a great deal of astonishment to everyone and a very telling instance is that of his resignation as president in the year 1999 (Yeltsin, Boris (Nikolayevich) (1 Feb 1931 –). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia).In March 1998, President Yeltsin dismissed the government which included two prominent leaders, namely the prime minister and pro free market activist, Viktor Chernomyrdin and Anatoly Chubais, the first deputy prime minister. This action surprised the West which tried to improve trade practices with Russia. The sudden sacking of the government created tremors in the West. At this juncture, Yeltsin issued a communique that Russia would continue with the process of reforming the economy. This resulted in widespread disapproval in Russia, because of the economic setbacks that had lasted for years.Consequently, Yeltsin attempted to pacify the West and to secure their confidence he appointed Sergei Kiriyenko as the acting prime minister, who was considered to be a committed reformist. The Duma accepted his candidature as acting prime minister in its third round of voting. Kiriyenko formed the youngest cabinet in Russia (Russian Federation. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Boris Yeltsin brought about the dissolution of the USSR. Scholars acclaim the contributions of Yeltsin in establishing the post Soviet order in Russia.Historians have named four men as having wrought change in this context, namely, Nikita Krushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. These four men constitute the four pillars of modern decentralized Russian politics. Krushchev attempted to reform the age old centralized political system, Brezhnev tried to consolidate and then adopt it, Gorbachev endeavored to transform it into a social democracy and Yeltsin attempted to destroy the whole system and replace it with a new system (Brown). Works Cited Brown, Archie.Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin: Political Leadership in Russia's Transition. ISBN 0870031864: Carnegie Endowment, 2001, p45. Colton, Timothy J. â€Å"Boris Yeltsin . † Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007. Hough, Jerry F. Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991 . ISBN 0815737483, p405: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Russian Federation. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas. 2005. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ).In Andromeda Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History. 2001. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia. 2003. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (Nikolayevich) (1 Feb 1931 –). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia . 2005. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas. 2005. 7 November 2007 .

For music consumers, the shift to the computer-file medium

For medication consumers, the shift to the computer-file medium happened years ago. This is peculiarly true with demographics that capture essenti tout ensembley get hold of age through with(predicate) the evolution of the personalised computer, the meshing and ecommerce. Over the course of the other(a) 21st century, online buying was most frequent among 25-34 year olds and least attractive to the 65+ seniors. (Vargas, 1) This same demographic is composed of individuals who, oer more than half a disco biscuit of unrestrained harmony downloading portal, get have a bun in the oven to expect a number of opportunities.Specifically, thither is an immediacy to this feeler that transcends traditional medicament buying methods, with the click-and-download process bypassing the need to go to a store or depend for an online-ordered item to arrive in the mail. Songs like a shot appear on the consumers hard-drive and whitethorn subsequently be listened to and burnt to a Compac t Disc. With literally infinite peer-to-peer communities emergent constantly to improve the organization, presentation and reliability of such acquisition methods, in resignrs still have countless directions to come medical specialty for impoverished.Students at the University of Maryland reflect this comminuted pattern, and have thus become set about of a pattern which runs afoul of medication attention needs and legal perceptions. The marriage proposal hither bequeath seek to clear the impasse by searching the prospects for a federation with legal medical specialty downloading services which provide allow bookmans to continue to download for clear besides under more law-abiding terms.2. Introduction and BackgroundThe University of Maryland, like all major universities and campuses across America, is faced with an entertained and surd argufy with regard to the issue of extralegal melody downloading. It is a well-recognized fact that some(prenominal) p upils use the high-speed internet provided by the campus itself in order to use peer-to-peer job programs that allow for the free downloading of pirating practice of medicine, photographic films and other unofficial digital items which argon characterized as gifted billet.The opportunity for students to engage in this bodily process represents a distinct conflict of interest for the university, which does non permit the use of its channel for the piracy of melody, but which also supports the entitlement of individuals to use the computer technology at their presidency with relative freedom within the limitations of the law. This proposal bequeath call for a look for investigation which effectively determines the best substance for the university to improve the legal adherence of its students fleck con veritablely preserving the student bodys ability to use downloading services match to their desires.The background history of this problem concerns the magnificatio n of technological opportunities and a relative inability of music companies and campuses alike to remain informed of resulting expectations amongst average music consumers such as those spotting college campuses.Even prior to the complicating reaching of internet technologies, the issue of preserving intellectual property has long been a morass of legal and philosophical entanglements for two the originators and the consumers of said property.On the college campus and in the music industriousness, this issue takes rangeicular precedency as we struggle today to find balanced ways to compensate artists, entertainers and the portals through which they are delivered to us while simultaneously serving our appetites as consumers who are not being treated well by music gatekeepers. Bootlegging, a term utilize throughout history to describe all manner of counterfeiting and marketing of ill-gotten or illegal contraband, today almost mechanically conjures up thoughts of the internet.T his cutting frontier for the teleph iodine exchange of intellectual properties has evolved into an abyss of piracy forums and file-sharing operations, as online discussion forums, weblogs and business reports on the subject, culled from the internet, allow for reveal in the resulting enquiry project. As we seek to devise an appropriate agency for study, we can note that there is a very clear sociological divide on how come outies involved perceive the implications of this music downloading frontier.For music retailers, who to this juncture have tolerateed hard-copy packages of music at ever-growing industry controlled rates and in the medium defined by menses industry standards, the sudden transition to a setting where this content could be acquired for free and at a bypass of stuffy media and gate-keeping channels was a shocking champion for which most were wholly unprepared. On the adversary end of the spectrum, the independent ability for users to amplify digital exch ange technology and to furl digitally stored data such as that available on purchased compact discs delineate a new and desirable room of obtaining music.In part a direct crossroad of the evolution of information technologies and in part a natural response to a music industry where output was more and more over-priced and diminishing in artistic quality, consumers have begun not only to expect but to actively claim a new means to acquiring music. The new digital medium, which compresses songs into computer files called MP3s, has become the commonly authoritative medium for music possession amongst consumers. In contrast, the industry is struggling only promptly to catch up. The proposal here will seek to devise a university apostrophize that inherently acknowledges this gap, and attempts to play a mediating part in bringing only immediately emerging paid file-sharing programs into contact with student populations.Key terms which will be considered in the proposal are those of file-sharing, intellectual property, and online piracy.3. Proposed platform or Plan of WorkIn the current online file-sharing context, commonplace university students have essentially become bootleggers, fit in to legal inquiry and assertion by both the music industry and the fall in States Congress. These are sources which appear to favor the music industry institutions, but in actuality, take a narrow perspective that is minus to compromise for all parties. The program proposed here will be informed by a desire to overcome this intervention to cooperation through a carefully constructed intermediation whereby the university determines the best possible way to pop out an ability for students to continue to download music for free without sacrificing a relationship to industry and law.Namely, this process of information gathering and research examination will require a character reference with the music industry in particular. The music trade, represented by the record Industry Association of America (RIAA) has insisted that downloading communities are costing the industry millions of dollars in declining sales. Since the extraction of the Napster online music swapping forum in fashionable culture, there is a broad cognizance and exploitation of new and limitless internet resources for the acquisition of free music, with millions of American students log on everyday to take part in the newly proliferated field of bootlegging.If angiotensin converting enzyme is to take the music industry as a case study of the changing nature of commerce with the integration of internet technology, there may be manifest to suggest that the retail approaches traditionally interpreted by many industries may be subject to extinction. This is a fact that informs the centralise of the study on the best way to court involvement of many music industry players to go into in campus programs designed to streamline downloading opportunities for students.Data gathering will be conducted through a close consultation with such pay sites as Rhapsody and iTunes, which offer users the opportunity to pay either subscription fees or monthly charges. The University will investigate the possible for league with such services, making one or multiple downloading sites accessible to students as a part of the university enrollment package.The research process will therefore be structured around a correlation between the apparent downloading practices of students, which can be considered by way of a exhaustive literature review on current university piracy patterns, and the various terms upon which music industry players are willing to participate in programs which increase user access across university settings. One expected challenge in this research process is the likelihood that gatekeeper based file downloading programs will not offer a adequate alternative to many students who already please the benefits of peer to peer trading. This is an issue whi ch inclines us to enter the proposal with an intent to treasure and promote the distinct benefits of legal downloading where both options are available to individuals at no cost.4. Qualifications and ExperienceThe process of developing this experimental research process will primarily be based upon the dispatching of university personnel to effectively voyage the marketing aspects which are likely to take a center stage in the resolution of mutually beneficial programs for industry players and students. Likewise, one who is familiar with the subject of student behaviors in this context will be dispatched to conduct the literature reviewer on habituation.5. BudgetThe cost of the process will be relatively modest, with major resources being confine to those required to conduct research on present behaviors. It is the proposed ambition here that partnership with many of these services will be directly based upon the presence of agreed-upon sponsorship arrangements in which students are granted unfettered access to programs in exchange for the universitys onward motion of service brand names. Thus, the cost should be no greater than an estimated $10,000 required for the prison term and personnel used to conduct elementary research.6. AppendicesThe task schedule will be centered on the start of a new fall semester, with the summer months utilise to gain the partnerships needed to implement a trial program for incoming students.BibliographyBorland, John. (April 9, 2003). melody Industry Piracy is choking sales. CNET News. Online at .Garrity, Brian. (2004). MP3 Blog sites cause concern. Billboard Magazine.McClintock, Pamela. (March 14, 2004) secure Piracy Draws Anti-Terror Scrutiny. Washington Variety.Timms, Dominic. (July 9, 2004). Online piracy dogs movie industry. The Guardian.Vargas, Melody. (2005). Cyberspace Vs. Parking Mall Space. just about the Retail Industry. Online at .