Monday, May 25, 2020
George Washington - The Man Who Would Not Be King - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 520 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: George Washington Essay Did you like this example? There are many people who solely remember george washington as the one who began presidency in the united states or the man on moneys one-dollar. due to these minimal assumptions people do not care to research or even acknowledge his many different traits and personas. As a young man he was pretty insecure yet full of himself and feared that another man would conduct better qualities than his own. When he was in his earlier years he was given the privilege to acquire his own land but he did not receive his first assignment of battle until the age of twenty-two. Fort necessity marked the first major event in his military career but this battle carried a negative effect on the people and washington. he surrendered to his enemies at midnight and proved himself a burden to the people. For this battle introduced the french and indian war and many blamed him for this cause. But despite all the defeats and hardships that came with the insufferable seven years war george washingtons character and confidence was shaped and strengthened through his experiences and endless battles. Even later when the american revolution came to place washington continued to prove his brilliance and leadership that was planted during his previous duels of war. For instance on christmas day he and his men snuck on enemy ground and gained victory over the british soldiers who grew too drunk to prepare for such surprise. Washington proved himself to many people as the true american revolution. Even with all the constant need for battle and struggle for victory washington did live outside of official duties. He was factually quite the bookworm. He would spend his free time educating himself and focusing his mind inside literature. he also enjoyed theater and even had a personal favorite out of the plays he contentedly observed. although he carried good character and practiced calming hobbies as shown previously washington had a few faults of his own. specifically speaking he was a man who desired women. He even fell in deep admiration for sally fairfax though she was already marrie d and even showed his aspire towards sally by published letters to her. Washington also owned slaves whom he viewed as property and nothing more. Near his death however he found slavery to be useless and freed his slaves in his own will. With all his wit and pride washington struggled for conquest and triumph over his enemies but the presentation of his speech to the officials was his greatest performance. Though seeming shocking he actually won the hearts of the officials by wearing a significant pair of glasses. For the glasses symbolized his decline in strength and his own personal pain. Through his speech men viewed him as he dreamed they would: the man who was qualified for leadership and a man of integrity. Washington might have been an insecure man growing up but because of his perseverance leadership and recognition within himself he became the first and one of the most outstanding premiers from centuries before. May generations to com remember and acknowledge the true biography of george washington. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "George Washington The Man Who Would Not Be King" essay for you Create order
Thursday, May 14, 2020
How to Use the Chinese Birth Chart
While modern day technologies like ultrasounds help determine the sex of a baby, there are also traditional ways of guessing the answer to this exciting question. For hundreds of years, the Chinese birth chart has helped many expecting couples predict whether they are having a boy or a girl. Unlike ultrasounds that require 4 to 5 months of pregnancy before the babys sex can be ascertained, the Chinese birth chart lets couples immediatelyà predict their babys gender once it is conceived. If youre an overly curious couple dying to know if the baby room should be painted blue or pink, learn how to use this traditional chart! Where the Chinese Birth Chart Comes From Invented during the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese birth chart has been used for over 300 years. The chart was kept by royal eunichs and only used by nobles and concubines. When the Eight Nation Alliance entered China in the late Qing Dynasty, military forces took the chart. The Chinese birth chart was taken to England where it was translated into English for the Kingââ¬â¢s sole use until it was later disclosed to the public. Accuracy The Chinese birth chart is based on factors such as the Five Elements,à yin and yang, andà the lunar calendar. With proponents claiming that the Chinese birth chart is highly accurate, you should take these predictions with a grain of salt. Even ultrasounds can be wrong!à How To Use the Chinese Birth Chart The first step is to convertà Western calendar months to lunar calendar months. Then, locate the lunar month of conception. After that, figure out the age of the mother at the time of conception. Using these two pieces of information on the chart, you can now use the chart. The intersection of the month of conception and the motherââ¬â¢s age at the time of conception on the chart revealsà the predicted sex of the baby. For example, a 30-year-old woman who conceived in lunar January 2011 (February 2011 in the Western calendar) is predicted to have a boy.à Use the Chinese birth chart below to guess the sex of your soon-to-be newborn! Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 18 Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy 19 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Girl Girl 20 Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Girl Boy Boy 21 Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl 22 Girl Boy Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl 23 Boy Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Girl 24 Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl 25 Girl Boy Boy Girl Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy 26 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl 27 Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Girl Girl 28 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Girl Girl 29 Girl Boy Girl Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy Boy Girl Girl Girl 30 Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Boy Boy 31 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Boy 32 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Boy 33 Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy 34 Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Boy Boy 35 Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy Girl Girl Boy Boy 36 Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy 37 Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy 38 Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl 39 Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Girl Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl 40 Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl 41 Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy 42 Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl 43 Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Boy 44 Boy Boy Girl Boy Boy Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Girl 45 Girl Boy Boy Girl Girl Girl Boy Girl Boy Girl Boy Boy
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay on Unseen Consequences in Organizational Change
Unseen Consequences in Organizational Change I currently work for command Zulu, which is a detachment from the headquarters located in Virginia. Zulu employs two officers and four enlisted personnel whose primary job is conducting inspections on all East Coast Trident submarines. The two officers fill the roles of Officer in Charge and Assistant Officer in Charge. The four enlisted personnel are specialists in the areas of security, safety, technical operations, and administrative programs. An organizational change occurred a couple of years ago that shifted our chain of command to a higher headquarters. Command Zuluââ¬â¢s organizational culture significantly changed after the reorganization left the trust and customer relationshipsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Strategy The strategy for change implementation was haphazard and not well thought-out. A plan for change did not exist nor did it include any of the recommendations that Spector (2012) discussed as effective tools f or managing organizational change. Specifically, none of the elements of Kurt Lewinââ¬â¢s three stages of change implementation that Spector discussed as unfreezing, moving, and refreezing organizational norms were directed. Instead, Command Zulu reorganized without fully explaining the reasons to the customers (e.g. inspected units). The lack of understanding resulted in negative relationships for at least a year. Leadership never considered associated risk without a plan for change and what Bruch, Gerber, and Maier (2005) explained as creating a haphazard or improvised plan and failing to determine whether the organization needs change. Command Zulu leaders never once conducted dialogue or diagnosis to determine if the organization was ready for change. Leadership never developed a method of diagnosis that Cummings and Worley (2009) explained as a necessary part of change implementation through data collection for future intervention points. Additionally, command Zulu le adership did not implement change in the correct sequence which Spector (2012) discussed as having the potential of negative results or even failure associated with change not implemented sequentially. Not having a solid plan resulted in negativeShow MoreRelatedBody Cameras Improve Police Accountability Essay1469 Words à |à 6 PagesAgainst the Police: A Randomized Controlled trail states, ââ¬Å"Getting caught breaking rules is often registered as behavior that can potentially lead to negative consequences such as sanctions, an outcome most individuals wish to avoid.â⬠( ) Cameras are likely to deter people from behaving as they normally would. 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Introduction Organisations have been faced with a more and more competitive environ-ment and technological change over the last 30 years (Dââ¬â¢aveni; Volberda, cited in Riordan, Vandenberg, and Richardson 2005, p. 471). Thus, nowa-days, employees have to be more flexible and in possession of high skills. Because of these requirements organisations have to choose
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Information Technology Ethics Procedures
Question: Discuss about the Information Technology Ethics Procedures. Answer: Introduction: A team of academics has claimed that, in Tesco Bank a wide range of external attack is taking place due to lack of protection. The news has been reported on 2nd December, 2016 in Australia (Jones, 2016). Unsophisticated type of external attack exploited the visa card payment system that has been used by the consumer of Tesco Banking Management Company in the last month. A set of survey reported that, the new emerging technologies are enabling the cyber criminals more active as they are easily getting information regarding the debit card and credit card numbers. However, the attack technique is referred to as distributed guessing attack. The private information of more than 500 cards has been exploited currently due to lack of security features (Stolfo, SSalem Keromytis, 2012). In order to avoid these problems, many additional security features are currently added up to the online payment process. What are the different facts? Currently, the rate of hacking during online transaction process is increasing widely all over the world. In order to reduce this issue the most of the well known online retail websites are currently changed the online security setting to keep the websites secured from the external attacks (Jenjarrussakul Matsuura, 2014). Fraud prevention is one of the major concerns in online transaction. On the other hand, it has been found that hackers cannot get the details of master card users in the same way. Specifically, this kind of hacking is not applicable for master card. The guessing attack is also not applicable for those who are using the 3-D security technologies to provide extra protection (Myers, 2015). The 3-D protection technology includes verification made y visa, master security code etc. Since two to three months this issue was raised and come under focus but after the incident of Tesco bank, were more than 9,000 consumers got affected, this news was officially reported. Ethical and non ethical issues The Newcastle team has identified different types of hacking procedures. This type of hacking was based on complete guess work that generally used by the hackers. The term hacking itself is referred to as one of the major ethical issue (Kim et al., 2015). In hacking the official banking details and personnel details of the users can be theft by the attackers and those can be misuse by them at the same time. Sometimes, hacking become necessary due to its association with legal requirement, rather legal needs. In order to search criminals sometimes it becomes necessary to hack the personnel details; this is unethical but from the legal perspectives it is non ethical (Stolfo, Salem Keromytis, 2012). Cyber attack is ethical issue whereas, for the companys benefit if personnel data is getting hacked then, it will be termed as non ethical issue. Particularly for Tesco banking, hacking of debit card details is ethical issue. Who is affected? Particularly, for the Tesco banking details hacking incident, the affected were the users of the credit card and debit card. The personal data and the banking details that are required to be stored to make the cards valid were hijacked by the external attackers (Shang et al., 2014). Tough the attackers hacked those data with guess works. The victims of the hacking incident are not only the debit and credit card users but also the Tesco banking organization itself. It has been found that, the minimum data those are required, to hack the credit details are not properly secured by the company (Acharya Kamath, 2013). In order to keep the data secured currently most of the retail websites are using 3-D protection or security technologies (Jenjarrussakul Matsuura, 2014). Therefore, from the organizational perspective it can be said that, Tesco banking and the users of Tesco credit and debit cards users are affected due to the hacking incident. Ethical issue and its implication The detected ethical issue is the stealing of banking details of the users of the Tesco credit and credit card. With the help of a guess work the banking details of the users are getting hijacked and also misused. This is the ethical issue and in order to resolve this problem the banking executives have decided to use the 3-D security technology (Jones, 2016). The password or secret code of the card was guessed by the hackers and once they enable to get the code they steal the banking details. Generally during online transaction the data used to get hacked. What are the options? In order to resolve this issue already the report has given a very good option that is usage of 3-D security technology (Jones, 2016). Apart from this, there are many other options that can be used to resolve the hacking issue. Authentication is needed to be adopted so that the data stored in the banking account cannot be retrieved by any other external attackers. Another important option is encryption. In this technique all the data will be secured. A user who does not have the decryption key cannot fetch the data stored in the banking storage (Acharya Kamath, 2013). Another option is the usage of symmetric key; this kind of keys can be used by both the sender and the receiver of the data. During online transaction, if the receiver does not have the particular key that is required to retrieve the banking data, then they cannot fetch the data stored in the storage. Which option is best and why? Among the different given options the best option is the usage of 3-D security technology. The 3-D secured payment option is referred to as one of the best options of online money transaction. The technology is capable to provide a secured online payment method (Jenjarrussakul Matsuura, 2014). Basically for visa and master card, 3-D technology provides extra level of security to the users. It will help a user to protect him from unauthenticated use of the credit card. The 3-D technology is consists of master card secured code and is also verified by visa. References Acharya, U. D., Kamath, P. R. (2013). A secure and high capacity image steganography technique.arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.3629. Balogun, O. J., Ajiboye, F. A., Dunsin, A. T. (2013). An Investigative Study on Factors Influencing the Customer Satisfaction with E-Banking in Nigeria.International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences,2(6), 64. Jenjarrussakul, B., Matsuura, K. (2014, June). Analysis of Japanese Loyalty Programs Considering Liquidity, Security Efforts, and Actual Security Levels. InThe 13th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security. Jones, R. (2016).Tesco Bank cyber attack involved guesswork, study claims.the Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2016, from [online]: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/02/tesco-bank-cyber-attack-involved-simply-guessing-details-study-claims Kim, S. J., Ma, M. C., Lee, H. K., Kim, J. B. (2015). A Study on Service Architecture for Secure Authentication System.International Journal of Security and Its Applications,9(9), 9-20. Myers, A. (2015). Cross-Border Commerce without Constraint: Shifting from Territorial-Based Regulation to an Industry-Based Code of Conduct for the Online Payment Processing Industry.Fed. Comm. LJ,67, 434-434. Shang, W., Ding, Q., Marianantoni, A., Burke, J., Zhang, L. (2014). Securing building management systems using named data networking.IEEE Network,28(3), 50-56. Stolfo, S. J., Salem, M. B., Keromytis, A. D. (2012, May). Fog computing: Mitigating insider data theft attacks in the cloud. InSecurity and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2012 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 125-128). IEEE.
Saturday, April 11, 2020
MGST course outline free essay sample
Without question, you require expertise in a chosen field such as accounting, finance, marketing, or operations management, but knowing what to do and how to do it is not the same thing as getting it done. Your supervisor will judge your performance someday, not on what you know, but rather upon the basis of what you do. Getting things done in organizations requires excellent teamwork and interpersonal skills. Indeed, only when employees develop their people skills are they able to fully realize technical expertise in the pursuit of effectiveness and excellence.COURSE OBJECTIVES By the end of the course, students should develop a good understanding of elf-awareness, from which they gain insight about their own behaviors and the behavior of others. Students also should develop a good understanding of skills necessary for effective interactions with others, in such areas as communications, motivation, teamwork and conflict management. IMPORTANT: This class builds upon any junior course in organizational behavior that you may have taken. We will write a custom essay sample on MGST course outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The goal is to provide you with an opportunity to reflect carefully on a select group of B topics pertinent to working with people at work, and begin to develop associated skills in an experiential classroom environment. For this reason, we will only spend part of our time together discussing the concepts. A significant portion of the class will be reserved for experiential exercises to gain a more practical perspective on these B theories and concepts. As such, you are responsible for reading the assigned text chapters before class.Although I will usually provide a summary of key concepts and theories in class, you are expected to have a strong command of these materials (which will be assessed through the in class quizzes). REQUIRED TEXTBOOK AND/OR MATERIALS David A Wheaten Kim S Cameron. Developing Management Skills, 8th Edition; 201 1. In addition, Powering presentations will be posted on the Blackboard for your convenience. It is my practice to post many more slides than I actually use in class. This is to help summarize the material and prepare you for the quizzes and assignments.Please Bring Your Book To Class! Several class exercises and self-assessments are in the textbook. CONTACTING YOUR INSTRUCTOR Students requiring assistance are encouraged to speak to the instructor during class or during office hours. If you wish to meet with the instructor, lease email the instructor to make an appointment. Students should get into the habit of making and keeping business appointments. PROPER BUSINESS USE OF EMAIL Email is commonly used by students to communicate with their instructor.However, it does limit the effectiveness of the communications and may not be the best way for instructors to answer student questions, especially those requiring an explanation of concepts covered in this course or some personal concerns. Therefore the instructor may request a telephone call or personal meeting. INTERNET ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION DEVICES Any surfing of the Internet during lectures that is not directly related to and approved for class discussion is distracting and strictly prohibited. Additionally, the use of any electronic devices (e. G. , cellular phones) for e- mailing, text-messaging, etc. S not allowed. Please turn OFF your phone before the beginning of each lecture. Class Structure The first 30-60 minutes of class will begin with a brief lecture. The remaining time will involve participation in different activities, such as completing diagnostic questionnaires and experiential class exercises. GRADE DISTRIBUTION Three Take-home Assignments Quiz 1 Quiz 2 30% Group Project Presentation Research participation bonus credit [up to 2%] Total 100% Take-home Assignments There will be THREE take-home assignments two individual and one group assignment.Assignment 1 (10%) is a self-awareness exercise that involves 1) obtaining an outsider perspective on your personal attributes, and 2) comparing your personal attributes to those of a work colleague. Assignment 2 (15%) involves completing a group task outside of class and thereafter documenting key team member roles and team processes that occurred. Assignment 3 (10%) involves creating and executing a performance plan to motivate a colleague on a specific task of interest and reporting on the key findings thereafter. Group Project Presentation The group project presentation is a Movie Analysis Presentation (10% of the final mark).After watching a movie, the group will analyze the material by relating it to topics covered in the course. The list of the movies and topics related to the movies are provided at the end of this outline. The goal is to enhance your skillfulness at recognizing, analyzing, and offering commendations for dealing with practical work situations using management principles and theories. Also, you will practice your oral communication skills. Students will be randomly assigned into groups of 6 (this will be the same group of 6 that works on Assignment 2).It is up to the group to choose the movie and obtain approval by the instructor. Projects Presentation On the last day of class, your team is expected to share your movie analysis findings with your classmates. Aim for a 10 minute formal presentation and then lead a five minute informal discussion with their classmates, answering questions that arise (time permitting). The goal is to become more comfortable presenting ideas in a public forum, a vital skill in any company. You will prepare a 1-2-page summary of your analyses to share With your classmates, and also to assist me with grading your presentation.Your team will be evaluated on presentation skills AND content (I. E. , appropriateness of the analysis, demonstrated through effective application of B theories and principles to understanding the core events of the movie). Normally members of teams will individually receive the marks awarded to the team on this assignment. However, the instructor reserves the right to conduct peer evaluations in cases where a majority of team members believe that a member is failing to perform his or her assigned duties and/or attend team meetings.It is the responsibility of the team to bring problems of this nature to the instructors attention as early as possible in the course to permit corrective action (I. E. Not at, or near, the end of the course when it is too late to permit remedial action to alter the behavior of the individual). Peer evaluations are taken seriously and can and do result in individual students achieving a higher or lower (including failing) grade than other team members of the group. In class Quizzes There is no final exam in this course instead there will be two in-class quizzes. Quiz one is worth 25% and Quiz two is worth 30%.The goal of these quizzes is to test your knowledge and understanding of theories and principles covered in the assigned chapters in the textbook, as well as materials covered in class. As you are responsible for reading up on these materials on your own time, this is an opportunity for you to demonstrate that you have done so successfully. The exam questions will be in multiple- choice form, although the questions will typically require you to think critically (and not just regurgitate definitions). GRADE SCALE The Hackney School of Business endeavourers to ensure consistency of final grades across courses and sections.
Tuesday, March 10, 2020
Free Essays on Influences Of The Great
Influences of Mahatma Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. states, ââ¬Å"I firmly believe that the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolent resistance is the only and moral approach to the solution of the race problem in the United States.â⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu) It was the views of Gandhi that influenced Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi insisted nonviolence was about qualitative change in attitudes, in relationship building and sustaining; in learning to deal with anger in a positive manner rather than abusing anger; and creating communities that are compassionate, understanding, accepting and appreciative. In 1950, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. traveled to Philadelphia to hear a speech about the life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi by Dr. Mordecai Johnson. Martin Luther King was so impressed and surprised that he bought a number of books on Gandhiââ¬â¢s life and works. As he read, he became attracted by Gandhiââ¬â¢s campaigns of nonviolent resistance and he was moved by Gandhiââ¬â¢s philosophy called Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, means truth force or love force). The philosophy of Gandhi convinced him that true pacifism was nonviolent resistance to evil. In 1959, Martin Luther King Jr. traveled to India and more fully developed his understanding of Gandhian nonviolent policy. Arriving in New Delhi, he told reporters gathered at the airport, ââ¬Å"To other countries I may go as a tourist, but to India I come as a pilgrimâ⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu). While he was in India, he felt as if he stayed at home, and he was looked on as their brothers. The philosophy of Gandhi taught him to resist with love instead of hate and to confront evil with the power of love. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said ââ¬Å"Gandhi was probably the first person in history to lift the love ethic of Jesus above mere interaction between individuals to a powerful and effective social force on a large scale.â⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu) ... Free Essays on Influences Of The Great Free Essays on Influences Of The Great Influences of Mahatma Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. states, ââ¬Å"I firmly believe that the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolent resistance is the only and moral approach to the solution of the race problem in the United States.â⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu) It was the views of Gandhi that influenced Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi insisted nonviolence was about qualitative change in attitudes, in relationship building and sustaining; in learning to deal with anger in a positive manner rather than abusing anger; and creating communities that are compassionate, understanding, accepting and appreciative. In 1950, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. traveled to Philadelphia to hear a speech about the life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi by Dr. Mordecai Johnson. Martin Luther King was so impressed and surprised that he bought a number of books on Gandhiââ¬â¢s life and works. As he read, he became attracted by Gandhiââ¬â¢s campaigns of nonviolent resistance and he was moved by Gandhiââ¬â¢s philosophy called Satyagraha (Satya is truth which equals love, and agraha is force; Satyagraha, means truth force or love force). The philosophy of Gandhi convinced him that true pacifism was nonviolent resistance to evil. In 1959, Martin Luther King Jr. traveled to India and more fully developed his understanding of Gandhian nonviolent policy. Arriving in New Delhi, he told reporters gathered at the airport, ââ¬Å"To other countries I may go as a tourist, but to India I come as a pilgrimâ⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu). While he was in India, he felt as if he stayed at home, and he was looked on as their brothers. The philosophy of Gandhi taught him to resist with love instead of hate and to confront evil with the power of love. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said ââ¬Å"Gandhi was probably the first person in history to lift the love ethic of Jesus above mere interaction between individuals to a powerful and effective social force on a large scale.â⬠(www.web.il.gatech.edu) ...
Saturday, February 22, 2020
Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2
Coffee - Essay Example Coffee has both negative and positive effects on our health and social well-being. Due to dependency of smoking and other drugs coffee was found to have a major association between its consumption and mortality rate. In addition to that, Boyle cautions that coffee causes blood pressure fluctuations and has adverse effects on lipids (119). Ethnographers recorded its usefulness in psychological healing by observing female Bosnian immigrants in Chicago. These women engaged in recollection of memories and socialized over a cup of coffee. Modern world was shaped by coffee, whose use led to the creation of public space: coffee houses, meetings and enhanced intellectual and physical vigor paved way for industrialization. Coffee production requires labor and tropical land. Coffee spread across the globe due to colonization. As a result, coffee spread to countries such as Indonesia, where the colonized served as cheap labor, and land was abundant. Today coffee is the second most traded commodity, with yearly revenue of over $15 billion. Around 26 million farmers globally produce each year mostly coffee Arabica. Rearing of coffee plants is environmental friendly, since coffee trees coexist with other plants and animals. Tropical areas harbor wildlife, whose species can at times only be found in these areas. However, there are insufficient areas covered by these plantations to offer a large enough habitat to the endangered species such as the ocelot. As a result, some organizations support these farmers through labels, i.e. produced in shade, distinguishing them from other producers who do not protect wildlife. Coffee promotes economic development to a large extent. For instance, Nicaraguan farmers for the first time in 1976 sold fair trade coffee in the United States: coffee bought directly from the farmers. For many Nicaraguan farmers coffee not only
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